Merge pull request #2036 from Shopify/cp-fix-rubocop

Update the specs to new signature and fix CI

.github/workflows/liquid.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Liquid
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on: [push]
 
 env:
   BUNDLE_JOBS: 4
@@ -9,30 +9,33 @@ jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         entry:
-          - { ruby: 3.0, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
-          - { ruby: 3.2, allowed-failure: false }
-          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false }
-          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false }
-          - { ruby: 3.4, allowed-failure: false } # latest
-          - {
-              ruby: 3.4,
-              allowed-failure: false,
-              rubyopt: "--enable-frozen-string-literal",
-            }
+          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
           - { ruby: 3.4, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
-          - { ruby: ruby-head, allowed-failure: false }
+          - { ruby: 4.0, allowed-failure: false } # latest stable
           - {
-              ruby: ruby-head,
+              ruby: 4.0,
               allowed-failure: false,
               rubyopt: "--enable-frozen-string-literal",
             }
-          - { ruby: ruby-head, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
-    name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
+          - { ruby: 4.0, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
+          - { ruby: 4.0, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--zjit" }
+
+          # Head can have failures due to being in development
+          - { ruby: head, allowed-failure: true }
+          - {
+              ruby: head,
+              allowed-failure: true,
+              rubyopt: "--enable-frozen-string-literal",
+            }
+          - { ruby: head, allowed-failure: true, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
+          - { ruby: head, allowed-failure: true, rubyopt: "--zjit" }
+    name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }} ${{ matrix.entry.rubyopt }} --${{ matrix.entry.allowed-failure && 'allowed-failure' || 'strict' }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@f43a0e5ff2bd294095638e18286ca9a3d1956744 # v3.6.0
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@dffc446db9ba5a0c4446edb5bca1c5c473a806c5 # v1.235.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a25f1e45f0e65a92fcb1e95e8847f78fb0a7197a # v1.273.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
           bundler-cache: true
@@ -42,11 +45,28 @@ jobs:
         env:
           RUBYOPT: ${{ matrix.entry.rubyopt }}
 
+  spec:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      BUNDLE_WITH: spec
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@f43a0e5ff2bd294095638e18286ca9a3d1956744 # v3.6.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a25f1e45f0e65a92fcb1e95e8847f78fb0a7197a # v1.273.0
+        with:
+          bundler-cache: true
+          bundler: latest
+      - name: Run liquid-spec for all adapters
+        run: |
+          for adapter in spec/*.rb; do
+            echo "=== Running $adapter ==="
+            bundle exec liquid-spec run "$adapter" --no-max-failures
+          done
+
   memory_profile:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@f43a0e5ff2bd294095638e18286ca9a3d1956744 # v3.6.0
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@dffc446db9ba5a0c4446edb5bca1c5c473a806c5 # v1.235.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a25f1e45f0e65a92fcb1e95e8847f78fb0a7197a # v1.273.0
         with:
           bundler-cache: true
       - run: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run

.rubocop_todo.yml

@@ -174,7 +174,16 @@ Style/WordArray:
 
 # Offense count: 117
 # This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, AllowedPatterns, IgnoredPatterns.
+# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, AllowCopDirectives, AllowedPatterns.
 # URISchemes: http, https
 Layout/LineLength:
   Max: 260
+
+Naming/PredicatePrefix:
+  Enabled: false
+
+# Offense count: 1
+# This is intentional - early return from begin/rescue in assignment context
+Lint/NoReturnInBeginEndBlocks:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'

Gemfile

@@ -25,7 +25,13 @@ group :development do
 end
 
 group :test do
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.61.0'
-  gem 'rubocop-shopify', '~> 2.12.0', require: false
+  gem 'benchmark'
+  gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.82.0'
+  gem 'rubocop-shopify', '~> 2.18.0', require: false
   gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false
 end
+
+group :spec do
+  gem 'liquid-spec', github: 'Shopify/liquid-spec', branch: 'main'
+  gem 'activesupport', require: false
+end

History.md

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # Liquid Change Log
 
+## 5.11.0
+* Revert the Inline Snippets tag (#2001), treat its inclusion in the latest Liquid release as a bug, and allow for feedback on RFC#1916 to better support Liquid developers [Guilherme Carreiro]
+* Rename the `:rigid` error mode to `:strict2` and display a warning when users attempt to use the `:rigid` mode [Guilherme Carreiro]
+
+## 5.10.0
+* Introduce support for Inline Snippets [Julia Boutin]
+
 ## 5.9.0
 * Introduce `:rigid` error mode for stricter, safer parsing of all tags [CP Clermont, Guilherme Carreiro]
 

README.md

@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ Liquid also comes with different parsers that can be used when editing templates
 when templates are invalid. You can enable this new parser like this:
 
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :rigid  # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used in all tags
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used in some tags
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :warn   # Adds strict errors to template.errors but continues as normal
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :lax    # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict2 # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used in all tags
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict  # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used in some tags
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :warn    # Adds strict errors to template.errors but continues as normal
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :lax     # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
 ```
 
 If you want to set the error mode only on specific templates you can pass `:error_mode` as an option to `parse`:

Rakefile

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ task :rubocop do
   end
 end
 
-desc('runs test suite with lax, strict, and rigid parsers')
+desc('runs test suite with lax, strict, and strict2 parsers')
 task :test do
   ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
   Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ task :test do
   Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
   Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
 
-  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'rigid'
+  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict2'
   Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
   Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ task :test do
     Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
     Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
 
-    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'rigid'
+    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict2'
     Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
     Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
   end
@@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ namespace :benchmark do
     ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict"
   end
 
-  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with rigid parsing"
-  task :rigid do
-    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb rigid"
+  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with strict2 parsing"
+  task :strict2 do
+    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict2"
   end
 
-  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with lax, strict, and rigid parsing"
-  task run: [:lax, :strict, :rigid]
+  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with lax, strict, and strict2 parsing"
+  task run: [:lax, :strict, :strict2]
 
   desc "Run unit benchmarks"
   namespace :unit do
@@ -148,3 +148,9 @@ end
 task :console do
   exec 'irb -I lib -r liquid'
 end
+
+desc('run liquid-spec suite across all adapters')
+task :spec do
+  adapters = Dir['./spec/*.rb'].join(',')
+  sh "bundle exec liquid-spec matrix --adapters=#{adapters} --reference=ruby_liquid"
+end

bin/render

@@ -41,6 +41,6 @@ def assigns
 end
 
 puts Liquid::Template
-  .parse(source, error_mode: :rigid)
+  .parse(source, error_mode: :strict2)
   .tap { |t| t.registers[:file_system] = VirtualFileSystem.new }
   .render(assigns)

lib/liquid/condition.rb

@@ -113,24 +113,67 @@ module Liquid
 
     def equal_variables(left, right)
       if left.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
-        if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
-          return right.send(left.method_name)
-        else
-          return nil
-        end
+        return call_method_literal(left, right)
       end
 
       if right.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
-        if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
-          return left.send(right.method_name)
-        else
-          return nil
-        end
+        return call_method_literal(right, left)
       end
 
       left == right
     end
 
+    def call_method_literal(literal, value)
+      method_name = literal.method_name
+
+      # If the object responds to the method (e.g., ActiveSupport is loaded), use it
+      if value.respond_to?(method_name)
+        value.send(method_name)
+      else
+        # Emulate ActiveSupport's blank?/empty? to make Liquid invariant
+        # to whether ActiveSupport is loaded or not
+        case method_name
+        when :blank?
+          liquid_blank?(value)
+        when :empty?
+          liquid_empty?(value)
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Implement blank? semantics matching ActiveSupport
+    # blank? returns true for nil, false, empty strings, whitespace-only strings,
+    # empty arrays, and empty hashes
+    def liquid_blank?(value)
+      case value
+      when NilClass, FalseClass
+        true
+      when TrueClass, Numeric
+        false
+      when String
+        # Blank if empty or whitespace only (matches ActiveSupport)
+        value.empty? || value.match?(/\A\s*\z/)
+      when Array, Hash
+        value.empty?
+      else
+        # Fall back to empty? if available, otherwise false
+        value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Implement empty? semantics
+    # Note: nil is NOT empty. empty? checks if a collection has zero elements.
+    def liquid_empty?(value)
+      case value
+      when String, Array, Hash
+        value.empty?
+      else
+        value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
+      end
+    end
+
     def interpret_condition(left, right, op, context)
       # If the operator is empty this means that the decision statement is just
       # a single variable. We can just poll this variable from the context and
@@ -154,8 +197,8 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def deprecated_default_context
-      warn("DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated" \
-        " and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0.")
+      warn("DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated " \
+        "and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0.")
       Context.new
     end
 

lib/liquid/context.rb

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def key?(key)
-      self[key] != nil
+      find_variable(key, raise_on_not_found: false) != nil
     end
 
     def evaluate(object)

lib/liquid/drop.rb

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     # Catch all for the method
     def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      return nil unless @context&.strict_variables
+      return unless @context&.strict_variables
       raise Liquid::UndefinedDropMethod, "undefined method #{method}"
     end
 

lib/liquid/environment.rb

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
       # @param file_system The default file system that is used
       #  to load templates from.
       # @param error_mode [Symbol] The default error mode for all templates
-      #  (either :rigid, :strict, :warn, or :lax).
+      #  (either :strict2, :strict, :warn, or :lax).
       # @param exception_renderer [Proc] The exception renderer that is used to
       #   render exceptions.
       # @yieldparam environment [Environment] The environment instance that is being built.

lib/liquid/expression.rb

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ module Liquid
       end
 
       def inner_parse(markup, ss, cache)
-        if (markup.start_with?("(") && markup.end_with?(")")) && markup =~ RANGES_REGEX
+        if markup.start_with?("(") && markup.end_with?(")") && markup =~ RANGES_REGEX
           return RangeLookup.parse(
             Regexp.last_match(1),
             Regexp.last_match(2),

lib/liquid/i18n.rb

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module Liquid
     def interpolate(name, vars)
       name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) do
         # raise TranslationError, "Undefined key #{$1} for interpolation in translation #{name}"  unless vars[$1.to_sym]
-        (vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym]).to_s
+        vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym].to_s
       end
     end
 

lib/liquid/parse_context.rb

@@ -55,15 +55,15 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def parse_expression(markup, safe: false)
-      if !safe && @error_mode == :rigid
+      if !safe && @error_mode == :strict2
         # parse_expression is a widely used API. To maintain backward
-        # compatibility while raising awareness about rigid parser standards,
+        # compatibility while raising awareness about strict2 parser standards,
         # the safe flag supports API users make a deliberate decision.
         #
-        # In rigid mode, markup MUST come from a string returned by the parser
+        # In strict2 mode, markup MUST come from a string returned by the parser
         # (e.g., parser.expression). We're not calling the parser here to
         # prevent redundant parser overhead.
-        raise Liquid::InternalError, "unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in rigid mode"
+        raise Liquid::InternalError, "unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in strict2 mode"
       end
 
       Expression.parse(markup, @string_scanner, @expression_cache)

lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb

@@ -7,16 +7,19 @@ module Liquid
     # It's basically doing the same thing the {#parse_with_selected_parser},
     # except this will try the strict parser regardless of the error mode,
     # and fall back to the lax parser if the error mode is lax or warn,
-    # except when in rigid mode where it uses the rigid parser.
+    # except when in strict2 mode where it uses the strict2 parser.
     #
     # @deprecated Use {#parse_with_selected_parser} instead.
     def strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
-      return rigid_parse_with_error_context(markup) if rigid_mode?
+      return strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup) if strict2_mode?
 
       strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
     rescue SyntaxError => e
       case parse_context.error_mode
       when :rigid
+        rigid_warn
+        raise
+      when :strict2
         raise
       when :strict
         raise
@@ -28,12 +31,13 @@ module Liquid
 
     def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
       case parse_context.error_mode
-      when :rigid  then rigid_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
+      when :rigid   then rigid_warn && strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+      when :strict2 then strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+      when :strict  then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+      when :lax     then lax_parse(markup)
       when :warn
         begin
-          rigid_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+          strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
         rescue SyntaxError => e
           parse_context.warnings << e
           lax_parse(markup)
@@ -41,14 +45,18 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
 
-    def rigid_mode?
-      parse_context.error_mode == :rigid
+    def strict2_mode?
+      parse_context.error_mode == :strict2 || parse_context.error_mode == :rigid
     end
 
     private
 
-    def rigid_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      rigid_parse(markup)
+    def rigid_warn
+      Deprecations.warn(':rigid', ':strict2')
+    end
+
+    def strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+      strict2_parse(markup)
     rescue SyntaxError => e
       e.line_number    = line_number
       e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)

lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb

@@ -768,6 +768,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax array | first
     # @liquid_return [untyped]
     def first(array)
+      # ActiveSupport returns "" for empty strings, not nil
+      return array[0] || "" if array.is_a?(String)
       array.first if array.respond_to?(:first)
     end
 
@@ -779,6 +781,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax array | last
     # @liquid_return [untyped]
     def last(array)
+      # ActiveSupport returns "" for empty strings, not nil
+      return array[-1] || "" if array.is_a?(String)
       array.last if array.respond_to?(:last)
     end
 

lib/liquid/tags/case.rb

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     private
 
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       parser = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
       @left = safe_parse_expression(parser)
       parser.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -107,18 +107,18 @@ module Liquid
     def record_when_condition(markup)
       body = new_body
 
-      if rigid_mode?
-        parse_rigid_when(markup, body)
+      if strict2_mode?
+        parse_strict2_when(markup, body)
       else
         parse_lax_when(markup, body)
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_rigid_when(markup, body)
+    def parse_strict2_when(markup, body)
       parser = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
 
       loop do
-        expr = safe_parse_expression(parser)
+        expr = Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, parser.expression, safe: true)
         block = Condition.new(@left, '==', expr)
         block.attach(body)
         @blocks << block

lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     # cycle [name:] expression(, expression)*
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
 
       @variables = []

lib/liquid/tags/for.rb

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     private
 
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       strict_parse(markup)
     end
 

lib/liquid/tags/if.rb

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     private
 
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       strict_parse(markup)
     end
 

lib/liquid/tags/include.rb

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module Liquid
     alias_method :parse_context, :options
     private :parse_context
 
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
 
       @template_name_expr = safe_parse_expression(p)

lib/liquid/tags/render.rb

@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     # render (string) (with|for expression)? (as id)? (key: value)*
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
 
-      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(rigid_template_name(p), safe: true)
+      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(strict2_template_name(p), safe: true)
       with_or_for         = p.id?("for") || p.id?("with")
       @variable_name_expr = safe_parse_expression(p) if with_or_for
       @alias_name         = p.consume(:id) if p.id?("as")
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ module Liquid
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
     end
 
-    def rigid_template_name(p)
+    def strict2_template_name(p)
       p.consume(:string)
     end
 

lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
       parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
     end
 
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
 
       @variable_name = p.consume(:id)

lib/liquid/template.rb

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module Liquid
       # :lax acts like liquid 2.5 and silently ignores malformed tags in most cases.
       # :warn is the default and will give deprecation warnings when invalid syntax is used.
       # :strict enforces correct syntax for most tags
-      # :rigid enforces correct syntax for all tags
+      # :strict2 enforces correct syntax for all tags
       def error_mode=(mode)
         Deprecations.warn("Template.error_mode=", "Environment#error_mode=")
         Environment.default.error_mode = mode

lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ module Liquid
       byte_a = byte_b = @ss.scan_byte
 
       while byte_b
-        byte_a = @ss.scan_byte while byte_a && (byte_a != CLOSE_CURLEY && byte_a != OPEN_CURLEY)
+        byte_a = @ss.scan_byte while byte_a && byte_a != CLOSE_CURLEY && byte_a != OPEN_CURLEY
 
         break unless byte_a
 

lib/liquid/utils.rb

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module Liquid
       return obj if obj.respond_to?(:strftime)
 
       if obj.is_a?(String)
-        return nil if obj.empty?
+        return if obj.empty?
         obj = obj.downcase
       end
 
@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ module Liquid
 
     def self.to_s(obj, seen = {})
       case obj
+      when BigDecimal
+        obj.to_s("F")
       when Hash
         # If the custom hash implementation overrides `#to_s`, use their
         # custom implementation. Otherwise we use Liquid's default

lib/liquid/variable.rb

@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ module Liquid
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
     end
 
-    def rigid_parse(markup)
+    def strict2_parse(markup)
       @filters = []
       p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
 
       return if p.look(:end_of_string)
 
       @name = parse_context.safe_parse_expression(p)
-      @filters << rigid_parse_filter_expressions(p) while p.consume?(:pipe)
+      @filters << strict2_parse_filter_expressions(p) while p.consume?(:pipe)
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
     end
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ module Liquid
     # argument = (positional_argument | keyword_argument)
     # positional_argument = expression
     # keyword_argument = id ":" expression
-    def rigid_parse_filter_expressions(p)
+    def strict2_parse_filter_expressions(p)
       filtername = p.consume(:id)
       filter_args = []
       keyword_args = {}

lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb

@@ -70,6 +70,11 @@ module Liquid
         elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.respond_to?(key)
           object = object.send(key).to_liquid
 
+        # Handle string first/last like ActiveSupport does (returns first/last character)
+        # ActiveSupport returns "" for empty strings, not nil
+        elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.is_a?(String) && (key == "first" || key == "last")
+          object = key == "first" ? (object[0] || "") : (object[-1] || "")
+
           # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported
           # keywords either. The only thing we got left is to return nil or
           # raise an exception if `strict_variables` option is set to true

lib/liquid/version.rb

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "5.9.0"
+  VERSION = "5.11.0"
 end

spec/ruby_liquid.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Liquid Spec Adapter for Shopify/liquid (Ruby reference implementation)
+#
+# Run with: bundle exec liquid-spec run spec/ruby_liquid.rb
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../lib', __dir__))
+require 'liquid'
+
+LiquidSpec.configure do |config|
+  # Run core Liquid specs
+  config.features = [:core]
+end
+
+# Compile a template string into a Liquid::Template
+LiquidSpec.compile do |ctx, source, options|
+  ctx[:template] = Liquid::Template.parse(source, **options)
+end
+
+# Render a compiled template with the given context
+# @param ctx [Hash] adapter context containing :template
+# @param assigns [Hash] environment variables
+# @param options [Hash] :registers, :strict_errors, :exception_renderer
+LiquidSpec.render do |ctx, assigns, options|
+  registers = Liquid::Registers.new(options[:registers] || {})
+
+  context = Liquid::Context.build(
+    static_environments: assigns,
+    registers: registers,
+    rethrow_errors: options[:strict_errors],
+  )
+
+  context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
+
+  ctx[:template].render(context)
+end

spec/ruby_liquid_lax.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Liquid Spec Adapter for Shopify/liquid with lax parsing mode
+#
+# Run with: bundle exec liquid-spec run spec/ruby_liquid_lax.rb
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../lib', __dir__))
+require 'liquid'
+
+LiquidSpec.configure do |config|
+  config.features = [:core, :lax_parsing]
+end
+
+# Compile a template string into a Liquid::Template
+LiquidSpec.compile do |ctx, source, options|
+  # Force lax mode
+  options = options.merge(error_mode: :lax)
+  ctx[:template] = Liquid::Template.parse(source, **options)
+end
+
+# Render a compiled template with the given context
+LiquidSpec.render do |ctx, assigns, options|
+  registers = Liquid::Registers.new(options[:registers] || {})
+
+  context = Liquid::Context.build(
+    static_environments: assigns,
+    registers: registers,
+    rethrow_errors: options[:strict_errors],
+  )
+
+  context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
+
+  ctx[:template].render(context)
+end

spec/ruby_liquid_with_active_support.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Liquid Spec Adapter for Shopify/liquid with ActiveSupport loaded
+#
+# Run with: bundle exec liquid-spec run spec/ruby_liquid_with_active_support.rb
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../lib', __dir__))
+require 'active_support/all'
+require 'liquid'
+
+LiquidSpec.configure do |config|
+  # Run core Liquid specs plus ActiveSupport SafeBuffer tests
+  config.features = [:core, :activesupport]
+end
+
+# Compile a template string into a Liquid::Template
+LiquidSpec.compile do |ctx, source, options|
+  ctx[:template] = Liquid::Template.parse(source, **options)
+end
+
+# Render a compiled template with the given context
+# @param ctx [Hash] adapter context containing :template
+# @param assigns [Hash] environment variables
+# @param options [Hash] :registers, :strict_errors, :exception_renderer
+LiquidSpec.render do |ctx, assigns, options|
+  registers = Liquid::Registers.new(options[:registers] || {})
+
+  context = Liquid::Context.build(
+    static_environments: assigns,
+    registers: registers,
+    rethrow_errors: options[:strict_errors],
+  )
+
+  context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
+
+  ctx[:template].render(context)
+end

spec/ruby_liquid_yjit.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Liquid Spec Adapter for Shopify/liquid with YJIT + strict mode + ActiveSupport
+#
+# Run with: bundle exec liquid-spec run spec/ruby_liquid_yjit.rb
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../lib', __dir__))
+
+# Enable YJIT if available
+if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT) && RubyVM::YJIT.respond_to?(:enable)
+  RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+end
+
+require 'active_support/all'
+require 'liquid'
+
+LiquidSpec.configure do |config|
+  config.features = [:core, :activesupport]
+end
+
+# Compile a template string into a Liquid::Template
+LiquidSpec.compile do |ctx, source, options|
+  # Force strict mode
+  options = { error_mode: :strict }.merge(options)
+  ctx[:template] = Liquid::Template.parse(source, **options)
+end
+
+# Render a compiled template with the given context
+LiquidSpec.render do |ctx, assigns, options|
+  registers = Liquid::Registers.new(options[:registers] || {})
+
+  context = Liquid::Context.build(
+    static_environments: assigns,
+    registers: registers,
+    rethrow_errors: options[:strict_errors],
+  )
+
+  context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
+
+  ctx[:template].render(context)
+end

test/integration/context_test.rb

@@ -639,6 +639,21 @@ class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
     end
   end
 
+  def test_key_lookup_will_raise_for_missing_keys_when_strict_variables_is_enabled
+    context = Context.new
+    context.strict_variables = true
+    assert_raises(Liquid::UndefinedVariable) do
+      context['unknown']
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_key_will_not_raise_for_missing_keys_when_strict_variables_is_enabled
+    context = Context.new
+    context.strict_variables = true
+    refute(context.key?('unknown'))
+    assert_empty(context.errors)
+  end
+
   def test_context_always_uses_static_registers
     registers = {
       my_register: :my_value,

test/integration/hash_rendering_test.rb

@@ -88,17 +88,11 @@ class HashRenderingTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_rendering_hash_with_custom_to_s_method_uses_custom_to_s
-    my_hash = Class.new(Hash) do
-      def to_s
-        "kewl"
-      end
-    end.new
-
-    assert_template_result("kewl", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => my_hash })
+    assert_template_result("kewl", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => HashWithCustomToS.new })
   end
 
   def test_rendering_hash_without_custom_to_s_uses_default_inspect
-    my_hash = Class.new(Hash).new
+    my_hash = HashWithoutCustomToS.new
     my_hash[:foo] = :bar
 
     assert_template_result("{:foo=>:bar}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => my_hash })

test/integration/security_test.rb

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class SecurityTest < Minitest::Test
 
     GC.start
 
-    assert_equal([], (Symbol.all_symbols - current_symbols))
+    assert_equal([], Symbol.all_symbols - current_symbols)
   end
 
   def test_does_not_add_drop_methods_to_symbol_table
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class SecurityTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal("", Template.parse("{{ drop.custom_method_2 }}", assigns).render!)
     assert_equal("", Template.parse("{{ drop.custom_method_3 }}", assigns).render!)
 
-    assert_equal([], (Symbol.all_symbols - current_symbols))
+    assert_equal([], Symbol.all_symbols - current_symbols)
   end
 
   def test_max_depth_nested_blocks_does_not_raise_exception

test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_slice_on_arrays
-    input = 'foobar'.split(//)
+    input = 'foobar'.split('')
     assert_equal(%w(o o b), @filters.slice(input, 1, 3))
     assert_equal(%w(o o b a r), @filters.slice(input, 1, 1000))
     assert_equal(%w(), @filters.slice(input, 1, 0))
@@ -294,13 +294,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_join_calls_to_liquid_on_each_element
-    drop = Class.new(Liquid::Drop) do
-      def to_liquid
-        'i did it'
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal('i did it, i did it', @filters.join([drop.new, drop.new], ", "))
+    assert_equal('i did it, i did it', @filters.join([CustomToLiquidDrop.new('i did it'), CustomToLiquidDrop.new('i did it')], ", "))
   end
 
   def test_sort
@@ -633,6 +627,40 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_nil(@filters.last([]))
   end
 
+  def test_first_last_on_strings
+    # Ruby's String class does not have first/last methods by default.
+    # ActiveSupport adds String#first and String#last to return the first/last character.
+    # Liquid must work without ActiveSupport, so the first/last filters handle strings specially.
+    #
+    # This enables template patterns like:
+    #   {{ product.title | first }}  => "S" (for "Snowboard")
+    #   {{ customer.name | last }}   => "h" (for "Smith")
+    #
+    # Note: ActiveSupport returns "" for empty strings, not nil.
+    assert_equal('f', @filters.first('foo'))
+    assert_equal('o', @filters.last('foo'))
+    assert_equal('', @filters.first(''))
+    assert_equal('', @filters.last(''))
+  end
+
+  def test_first_last_on_unicode_strings
+    # Unicode strings should return the first/last grapheme cluster (character),
+    # not the first/last byte. Ruby's String#[] handles this correctly with index 0/-1.
+    # This ensures international text works properly:
+    #   {{ korean_name | first }} => "고" (not a partial byte sequence)
+    assert_equal('고', @filters.first('고스트빈'))
+    assert_equal('빈', @filters.last('고스트빈'))
+  end
+
+  def test_first_last_on_strings_via_template
+    # Integration test to verify the filter works end-to-end in templates.
+    # Empty strings return empty output (nil renders as empty string).
+    assert_template_result('f', '{{ name | first }}', { 'name' => 'foo' })
+    assert_template_result('o', '{{ name | last }}', { 'name' => 'foo' })
+    assert_template_result('', '{{ name | first }}', { 'name' => '' })
+    assert_template_result('', '{{ name | last }}', { 'name' => '' })
+  end
+
   def test_replace
     assert_equal('b b b b', @filters.replace('a a a a', 'a', 'b'))
     assert_equal('2 2 2 2', @filters.replace('1 1 1 1', 1, 2))
@@ -1302,7 +1330,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal(1, @filters.sum(input, true))
     assert_equal(0.2, @filters.sum(input, 1.0))
     assert_equal(-0.3, @filters.sum(input, 1))
-    assert_equal(0.4, @filters.sum(input, (1..5)))
+    assert_equal(0.4, @filters.sum(input, 1..5))
     assert_equal(0, @filters.sum(input, nil))
     assert_equal(0, @filters.sum(input, ""))
   end

test/integration/tags/cycle_tag_test.rb

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class CycleTagTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result("a", template2)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error1 = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template1) }
       error2 = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template2) }
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class CycleTagTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result("N", template5)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error1 = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template1) }
       error2 = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template2) }
       error3 = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template3) }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class CycleTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class CycleTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end

test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
     )
   end
 
-  def test_rigid_parsing_errors
+  def test_strict2_parsing_errors
     with_error_modes(:lax, :strict) do
       assert_template_result(
         'hello value1 value2',
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
       )
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_syntax_error(
         '{% include "snippet" !!! arg1: "value1" ~~~ arg2: "value2" %}',
       )
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end

test/integration/tags/render_tag_test.rb

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class RenderTagTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_syntax_error("{% assign name = 'snippet' %}{% render name %}")
   end
 
-  def test_rigid_parsing_errors
+  def test_strict2_parsing_errors
     with_error_modes(:lax, :strict) do
       assert_template_result(
         'hello value1 value2',
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class RenderTagTest < Minitest::Test
       )
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_syntax_error(
         '{% render "snippet" !!! arg1: "value1" ~~~ arg2: "value2" %}',
       )
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class RenderTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class RenderTagTest < Minitest::Test
       refute_nil(Template.parse(template))
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end

test/integration/tags/standard_tag_test.rb

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class StandardTagTest < Minitest::Test
     assigns = { 'condition' => "bad string here" }
     assert_template_result(
       '',
-      '{% case condition %}{% when "string here" %} hit {% endcase %}',\
+      '{% case condition %}{% when "string here" %} hit {% endcase %}',
       assigns,
     )
   end

test/integration/tags/table_row_test.rb

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
     )
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_cols_attribute_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_cols_attribute_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in (1..6) cols: 3 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -270,12 +270,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <tr class="row2"><td class="col1">4</td><td class="col2">5</td><td class="col3">6</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_limit_attribute_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_limit_attribute_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in (1..10) limit: 3 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -285,12 +285,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <td class="col1">1</td><td class="col2">2</td><td class="col3">3</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_offset_attribute_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_offset_attribute_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in (1..5) offset: 2 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <td class="col1">3</td><td class="col2">4</td><td class="col3">5</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_range_attribute_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_range_attribute_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in (1..3) range: (1..10) %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -315,12 +315,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <td class="col1">1</td><td class="col2">2</td><td class="col3">3</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_multiple_attributes_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_multiple_attributes_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in (1..10) cols: 2, limit: 4, offset: 1 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -331,12 +331,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <tr class="row2"><td class="col1">4</td><td class="col2">5</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_variable_collection_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_variable_collection_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow n in numbers cols: 2 %}{{ n }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -347,12 +347,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <tr class="row2"><td class="col1">3</td><td class="col2">4</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template, { 'numbers' => [1, 2, 3, 4] })
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_dotted_access_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_dotted_access_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow n in obj.numbers cols: 2 %}{{ n }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -363,12 +363,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <tr class="row2"><td class="col1">3</td><td class="col2">4</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template, { 'obj' => { 'numbers' => [1, 2, 3, 4] } })
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_bracketed_access_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_bracketed_access_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow n in obj["numbers"] cols: 2 %}{{ n }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -378,12 +378,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <td class="col1">10</td><td class="col2">20</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template, { 'obj' => { 'numbers' => [10, 20] } })
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_without_attributes_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_without_attributes_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in (1..3) %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -393,30 +393,30 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       <td class="col1">1</td><td class="col2">2</td><td class="col3">3</td></tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_without_in_keyword_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_without_in_keyword_in_strict2_mode
     template = '{% tablerow i (1..10) %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}'
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_equal("Liquid syntax error: For loops require an 'in' clause in \"i (1..10)\"", error.message)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_multiple_invalid_attributes_reports_first_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_multiple_invalid_attributes_reports_first_in_strict2_mode
     template = '{% tablerow i in (1..10) invalid1: 5, invalid2: 10 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}'
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_equal("Liquid syntax error: Invalid attribute 'invalid1' in tablerow loop. Valid attributes are cols, limit, offset, and range in \"i in (1..10) invalid1: 5, invalid2: 10\"", error.message)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_empty_collection_in_rigid_mode
+  def test_tablerow_with_empty_collection_in_strict2_mode
     template = <<~LIQUID.chomp
       {% tablerow i in empty_array cols: 2 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}
     LIQUID
@@ -426,12 +426,12 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       </tr>
     OUTPUT
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result(expected, template, { 'empty_array' => [] })
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_invalid_attribute_strict_vs_rigid
+  def test_tablerow_with_invalid_attribute_strict_vs_strict2
     template = '{% tablerow i in (1..5) invalid_attr: 10 %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}'
 
     expected = <<~OUTPUT
@@ -443,13 +443,13 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Invalid attribute 'invalid_attr'/, error.message)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_tablerow_with_invalid_expression_strict_vs_rigid
+  def test_tablerow_with_invalid_expression_strict_vs_strict2
     template = '{% tablerow i in (1..5) limit: foo=>bar %}{{ i }}{% endtablerow %}'
 
     with_error_modes(:lax, :strict) do
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ class TableRowTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result(expected, template)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
     end

test/integration/template_test.rb

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class TemplateTest < Minitest::Test
     assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
 
     t.resource_limits.render_score_limit = 200
-    assert_equal((" foo " * 100), t.render!)
+    assert_equal(" foo " * 100, t.render!)
     refute_nil(t.resource_limits.render_score)
   end
 

test/integration/variable_test.rb

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class VariableTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error.message)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result('helloworld', template)
     end
   end
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class VariableTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error.message)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result('hello12', template)
     end
   end
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class VariableTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error.message)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result('TEST', template)
     end
   end
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class VariableTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error.message)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result('TESTX', template)
     end
   end
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class VariableTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error.message)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       assert_template_result('TESTX', template)
     end
   end

test/test_helper.rb

@@ -199,6 +199,26 @@ class ErrorDrop < Liquid::Drop
   end
 end
 
+class CustomToLiquidDrop < Liquid::Drop
+  def initialize(value)
+    @value = value
+    super()
+  end
+
+  def to_liquid
+    @value
+  end
+end
+
+class HashWithCustomToS < Hash
+  def to_s
+    "kewl"
+  end
+end
+
+class HashWithoutCustomToS < Hash
+end
+
 class StubFileSystem
   attr_reader :file_read_count
 

test/unit/condition_unit_test.rb

@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class ConditionUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_equal(true, Condition.new(1, '==', 1).evaluate)
     end
 
-    expected = "DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated" \
-      " and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0."
+    expected = "DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated " \
+      "and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0."
     assert_includes(err.lines.map(&:strip), expected)
   end
 
@@ -176,19 +176,19 @@ class ConditionUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal(['title'], result.lookups)
   end
 
-  def test_parse_expression_in_rigid_mode_raises_internal_error
-    environment = Environment.build(error_mode: :rigid)
+  def test_parse_expression_in_strict2_mode_raises_internal_error
+    environment = Environment.build(error_mode: :strict2)
     parse_context = ParseContext.new(environment: environment)
 
     error = assert_raises(Liquid::InternalError) do
       Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, 'product.title')
     end
 
-    assert_match(/unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in rigid mode/, error.message)
+    assert_match(/unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in strict2 mode/, error.message)
   end
 
-  def test_parse_expression_with_safe_true_in_rigid_mode
-    environment = Environment.build(error_mode: :rigid)
+  def test_parse_expression_with_safe_true_in_strict2_mode
+    environment = Environment.build(error_mode: :strict2)
     parse_context = ParseContext.new(environment: environment)
     result = Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, 'product.title', safe: true)
 
@@ -197,6 +197,172 @@ class ConditionUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal(['title'], result.lookups)
   end
 
+  # Tests for blank? comparison without ActiveSupport
+  #
+  # Ruby's standard library does not include blank? on String, Array, Hash, etc.
+  # ActiveSupport adds blank? but Liquid must work without it. These tests verify
+  # that Liquid implements blank? semantics internally for use in templates like:
+  #   {% if x == blank %}...{% endif %}
+  #
+  # The blank? semantics match ActiveSupport's behavior:
+  # - nil and false are blank
+  # - Strings are blank if empty or contain only whitespace
+  # - Arrays and Hashes are blank if empty
+  # - true and numbers are never blank
+
+  def test_blank_with_whitespace_string
+    # Template authors expect "   " to be blank since it has no visible content.
+    # This matches ActiveSupport's String#blank? which returns true for whitespace-only strings.
+    @context['whitespace'] = '   '
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('whitespace'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_with_empty_string
+    # An empty string has no content, so it should be considered blank.
+    # This is the most basic case of a blank string.
+    @context['empty_string'] = ''
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('empty_string'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_with_empty_array
+    # Empty arrays have no elements, so they are blank.
+    # Useful for checking if a collection has items: {% if products == blank %}
+    @context['empty_array'] = []
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('empty_array'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_with_empty_hash
+    # Empty hashes have no key-value pairs, so they are blank.
+    # Useful for checking if settings/options exist: {% if settings == blank %}
+    @context['empty_hash'] = {}
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('empty_hash'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_with_nil
+    # nil represents "nothing" and is the canonical blank value.
+    # Unassigned variables resolve to nil, so this enables: {% if missing_var == blank %}
+    @context['nil_value'] = nil
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('nil_value'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_with_false
+    # false is considered blank to match ActiveSupport semantics.
+    # This allows {% if some_flag == blank %} to work when flag is false.
+    @context['false_value'] = false
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('false_value'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_blank_with_true
+    # true is a definite value, not blank.
+    # Ensures {% if flag == blank %} works correctly for boolean flags.
+    @context['true_value'] = true
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('true_value'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_blank_with_number
+    # Numbers (including zero) are never blank - they represent actual values.
+    # 0 is a valid quantity, not the absence of a value.
+    @context['number'] = 42
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('number'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_blank_with_string_content
+    # A string with actual content is not blank.
+    # This is the expected behavior for most template string comparisons.
+    @context['string'] = 'hello'
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('string'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_blank_with_non_empty_array
+    # An array with elements has content, so it's not blank.
+    # Enables patterns like {% unless products == blank %}Show products{% endunless %}
+    @context['array'] = [1, 2, 3]
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('array'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_blank_with_non_empty_hash
+    # A hash with key-value pairs has content, so it's not blank.
+    # Useful for checking if configuration exists: {% if config != blank %}
+    @context['hash'] = { 'a' => 1 }
+    blank_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['blank']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('hash'), '==', blank_literal)
+  end
+
+  # Tests for empty? comparison without ActiveSupport
+  #
+  # empty? is distinct from blank? - it only checks if a collection has zero elements.
+  # For strings, empty? checks length == 0, NOT whitespace content.
+  # Ruby's standard library has empty? on String, Array, and Hash, but Liquid
+  # provides a fallback implementation for consistency.
+
+  def test_empty_with_empty_string
+    # An empty string ("") has length 0, so it's empty.
+    # Different from blank - empty is a stricter check.
+    @context['empty_string'] = ''
+    empty_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['empty']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('empty_string'), '==', empty_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_with_whitespace_string_not_empty
+    # Whitespace strings have length > 0, so they are NOT empty.
+    # This is the key difference between empty and blank:
+    # "   ".empty? => false, but "   ".blank? => true
+    @context['whitespace'] = '   '
+    empty_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['empty']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('whitespace'), '==', empty_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_with_empty_array
+    # An array with no elements is empty.
+    # [].empty? => true
+    @context['empty_array'] = []
+    empty_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['empty']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('empty_array'), '==', empty_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_with_empty_hash
+    # A hash with no key-value pairs is empty.
+    # {}.empty? => true
+    @context['empty_hash'] = {}
+    empty_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['empty']
+
+    assert_evaluates_true(VariableLookup.new('empty_hash'), '==', empty_literal)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_is_not_empty
+    # nil is NOT empty - empty? checks if a collection has zero elements.
+    # nil is not a collection, so it cannot be empty.
+    # This differs from blank: nil IS blank, but nil is NOT empty.
+    @context['nil_value'] = nil
+    empty_literal = Condition.class_variable_get(:@@method_literals)['empty']
+
+    assert_evaluates_false(VariableLookup.new('nil_value'), '==', empty_literal)
+  end
+
   private
 
   def assert_evaluates_true(left, op, right)

test/unit/parse_context_unit_test.rb

@@ -9,32 +9,32 @@ class ParseContextUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     parser_strict = strict_parse_context.new_parser('product.title')
     result_strict = strict_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser_strict)
 
-    parser_rigid = rigid_parse_context.new_parser('product.title')
-    result_rigid = rigid_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser_rigid)
+    parser_strict2 = strict2_parse_context.new_parser('product.title')
+    result_strict2 = strict2_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser_strict2)
 
     assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, result_strict)
     assert_equal('product', result_strict.name)
     assert_equal(['title'], result_strict.lookups)
 
-    assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, result_rigid)
-    assert_equal('product', result_rigid.name)
-    assert_equal(['title'], result_rigid.lookups)
+    assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, result_strict2)
+    assert_equal('product', result_strict2.name)
+    assert_equal(['title'], result_strict2.lookups)
   end
 
   def test_safe_parse_expression_raises_syntax_error_for_invalid_expression
     parser_strict = strict_parse_context.new_parser('')
-    parser_rigid = rigid_parse_context.new_parser('')
+    parser_strict2 = strict2_parse_context.new_parser('')
 
     error_strict = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) do
       strict_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser_strict)
     end
     assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error_strict.message)
 
-    error_rigid = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) do
-      rigid_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser_rigid)
+    error_strict2 = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) do
+      strict2_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser_strict2)
     end
 
-    assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error_rigid.message)
+    assert_match(/is not a valid expression/, error_strict2.message)
   end
 
   def test_parse_expression_with_variable_lookup
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ class ParseContextUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal(['title'], result_strict.lookups)
 
     error = assert_raises(Liquid::InternalError) do
-      rigid_parse_context.parse_expression('product.title')
+      strict2_parse_context.parse_expression('product.title')
     end
 
-    assert_match(/unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in rigid mode/, error.message)
+    assert_match(/unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in strict2 mode/, error.message)
   end
 
   def test_parse_expression_with_safe_true
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ class ParseContextUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal('product', result_strict.name)
     assert_equal(['title'], result_strict.lookups)
 
-    result_rigid = rigid_parse_context.parse_expression('product.title', safe: true)
+    result_strict2 = strict2_parse_context.parse_expression('product.title', safe: true)
 
-    assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, result_rigid)
-    assert_equal('product', result_rigid.name)
-    assert_equal(['title'], result_rigid.lookups)
+    assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, result_strict2)
+    assert_equal('product', result_strict2.name)
+    assert_equal(['title'], result_strict2.lookups)
   end
 
   def test_parse_expression_with_empty_string
@@ -70,40 +70,40 @@ class ParseContextUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_nil(result_strict)
 
     error = assert_raises(Liquid::InternalError) do
-      rigid_parse_context.parse_expression('')
+      strict2_parse_context.parse_expression('')
     end
 
-    assert_match(/unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in rigid mode/, error.message)
+    assert_match(/unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in strict2 mode/, error.message)
   end
 
   def test_parse_expression_with_empty_string_and_safe_true
     result_strict = strict_parse_context.parse_expression('', safe: true)
     assert_nil(result_strict)
 
-    result_rigid = rigid_parse_context.parse_expression('', safe: true)
-    assert_nil(result_rigid)
+    result_strict2 = strict2_parse_context.parse_expression('', safe: true)
+    assert_nil(result_strict2)
   end
 
   def test_safe_parse_expression_advances_parser_pointer
-    parser = rigid_parse_context.new_parser('foo, bar')
+    parser = strict2_parse_context.new_parser('foo, bar')
 
     # safe_parse_expression consumes "foo"
-    first_result = rigid_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser)
+    first_result = strict2_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser)
     assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, first_result)
     assert_equal('foo', first_result.name)
 
     parser.consume(:comma)
 
     # safe_parse_expression consumes "bar"
-    second_result = rigid_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser)
+    second_result = strict2_parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser)
     assert_instance_of(VariableLookup, second_result)
     assert_equal('bar', second_result.name)
 
     parser.consume(:end_of_string)
   end
 
-  def test_parse_expression_with_whitespace_in_rigid_mode
-    result = rigid_parse_context.parse_expression('   ', safe: true)
+  def test_parse_expression_with_whitespace_in_strict2_mode
+    result = strict2_parse_context.parse_expression('   ', safe: true)
     assert_nil(result)
   end
 
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ class ParseContextUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     )
   end
 
-  def rigid_parse_context
-    @rigid_parse_context ||= ParseContext.new(
-      environment: Environment.build(error_mode: :rigid),
+  def strict2_parse_context
+    @strict2_parse_context ||= ParseContext.new(
+      environment: Environment.build(error_mode: :strict2),
     )
   end
 end

test/unit/partial_cache_unit_test.rb

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class PartialCacheUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       },
     )
 
-    [:lax, :warn, :strict, :rigid].each do |error_mode|
+    [:lax, :warn, :strict, :strict2].each do |error_mode|
       Liquid::PartialCache.load(
         'my_partial',
         context: context,
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class PartialCacheUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     end
 
     assert_equal(
-      ["my_partial:lax", "my_partial:warn", "my_partial:strict", "my_partial:rigid"],
+      ["my_partial:lax", "my_partial:warn", "my_partial:strict", "my_partial:strict2"],
       context.registers[:cached_partials].keys,
     )
   end

test/unit/strainer_template_unit_test.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class StrainerTemplateUnitTest < Minitest::Test
   def test_add_filter_when_wrong_filter_class
     c = Context.new
     s = c.strainer
-    wrong_filter = ->(v) { v.reverse }
+    wrong_filter = lambda(&:reverse)
 
     exception = assert_raises(TypeError) do
       s.class.add_filter(wrong_filter)

test/unit/tags/case_tag_unit_test.rb

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CaseTagUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result("one", template)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
 
       assert_match(/Expected end_of_string but found/, error.message)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class CaseTagUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result("one", template)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
 
       assert_match(/Expected end_of_string but found/, error.message)
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class CaseTagUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       {%- endcase -%}
     LIQUID
 
-    with_error_modes(:lax, :strict, :rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:lax, :strict, :strict2) do
       assert_template_result("one", template)
     end
   end
@@ -77,11 +77,31 @@ class CaseTagUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       {%- endcase -%}
     LIQUID
 
-    with_error_modes(:lax, :strict, :rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:lax, :strict, :strict2) do
       assert_template_result("one", template)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_case_when_empty
+    template = <<~LIQUID
+      {%- case x -%}
+        {%- when 2 or empty -%}
+          2 or empty
+        {%- else -%}
+          not 2 or empty
+      {%- endcase -%}
+    LIQUID
+
+    with_error_modes(:lax, :strict, :strict2) do
+      assert_template_result("2 or empty", template, { 'x' => 2 })
+      assert_template_result("2 or empty", template, { 'x' => {} })
+      assert_template_result("2 or empty", template, { 'x' => [] })
+      assert_template_result("not 2 or empty", template, { 'x' => { 'a' => 'b' } })
+      assert_template_result("not 2 or empty", template, { 'x' => ['a'] })
+      assert_template_result("not 2 or empty", template, { 'x' => 4 })
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_case_with_invalid_expression
     template = <<~LIQUID
       {%- case foo=>bar -%}
@@ -97,7 +117,7 @@ class CaseTagUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result("one", template, assigns)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
 
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)
@@ -119,7 +139,7 @@ class CaseTagUnitTest < Minitest::Test
       assert_template_result("one", template, assigns)
     end
 
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       error = assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) { Template.parse(template) }
 
       assert_match(/Unexpected character =/, error.message)

test/unit/variable_unit_test.rb

@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class VariableUnitTest < Minitest::Test
     end
   end
 
-  def test_rigid_filter_argument_parsing
-    with_error_modes(:rigid) do
+  def test_strict2_filter_argument_parsing
+    with_error_modes(:strict2) do
       # optional colon
       var = create_variable(%(n | f1 | f2:))
       assert_equal([['f1', []], ['f2', []]], var.filters)