# curs_inopts 3x 2025-10-04 ncurses 6.5 Library calls

    curs_inopts(3x)                  Library calls                 curs_inopts(3x)

## NAME

           cbreak,  echo, halfdelay, intrflush, is_cbreak, is_echo, is_nl, is_raw,
           keypad, meta, nl, nocbreak, nodelay, noecho,  nonl,  noqiflush,  noraw,
           notimeout,  qiflush,  raw,  timeout,  wtimeout, typeahead - get and set
           curses terminal input options

## SYNOPSIS

           #include <curses.h>

           int cbreak(void);
           int nocbreak(void);

           int echo(void);
           int noecho(void);

           int intrflush(WINDOW * win /* ignored */, bool bf);
           int keypad(WINDOW * win, bool bf);
           int meta(WINDOW * win /* ignored */, bool bf);
           int nodelay(WINDOW * win, bool bf);
           int notimeout(WINDOW * win, bool bf);

           int nl(void);
           int nonl(void);

           void qiflush(void);
           void noqiflush(void);

           int raw(void);
           int noraw(void);

           int halfdelay(int tenths);
           void timeout(int delay);
           void wtimeout(WINDOW * win, int delay);

           int typeahead(int fd);

           /* extensions */
           int is_cbreak(void);
           int is_echo(void);
           int is_nl(void);
           int is_raw(void);

## DESCRIPTION

           curses offers configurable  parameters  permitting  an  application  to
           control  the  handling of input from the terminal.  Some, such as those
           affecting the terminal's mode or line discipline, are global,  applying
           to  all  windows;  others apply only to a specific window.  The library
           does not automatically apply such parameters to new or derived windows;
           an application must configure each window for the desired behavior.

           Some descriptions below make reference to an  input  character  reading
           function:  this  is wgetch(3x) in the non-wide character curses API and
           wget_wch(3x) in the wide character API.  In  addition  to  the  variant
           forms   of   these  described  in  ncurses(3x),  the  curses  functions
           wgetstr(3x)  and  wget_wstr(3x)  and  their  own  variants   call   the
           appropriate input character reading function.

### cbreak, nocbreak

           Normally,  the terminal driver buffers typed characters, not delivering
           them to an application until a line feed or carriage return  is  typed.
           This  canonical  ("cooked") line discipline also supports software flow
           control, simple line editing functions (character and word  erase,  and
           whole-line  erasure or "kill"), and job control.  cbreak configures the
           terminal in cbreak mode, which disables line buffering  and  erase  and
           kill  character  processing  --  the interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow
           control characters are unaffected -- and makes characters typed by  the
           user immediately available to the program.  nocbreak restores canonical
           ("cooked") mode.

           The  state  of  the terminal is unknown to a curses application when it
           starts; therefore, a program should call cbreak or nocbreak explicitly.
           Most interactive programs using curses set cbreak mode.  Calling cbreak
           overrides raw.  The man page for the input character  reading  function
           discusses how cbreak and nocbreak interact with echo and noecho.

### echo, noecho

           echo  and  noecho  determine  whether  characters typed by the user are
           written to the curses window by the input character reading function as
           they are typed.  curses  always  disables  the  terminal  driver's  own
           echoing.  By default, a curses screen's echo option is set.  Authors of
           most  interactive  programs  prefer  to  do  their  own  echoing  in  a
           controlled area of the screen, or not to echo  at  all,  so  they  call
           noecho.   The  man  page  for  the  input  character  reading  function
           discusses how echo and noecho interact with cbreak and nocbreak.

### halfdelay

           halfdelay configures half-delay mode, which is similar to  cbreak  mode
           in  that  characters typed by the user are immediately available to the
           program.  However, after blocking for tenths  tenth-seconds,  an  input
           character  reading  function  returns  ERR if no input is pending.  The
           value of tenths must be between 1 and 255.  Use nocbreak to leave half-
           delay mode.

### intrflush

           intrflush calls qiflush (see below) if bf is TRUE, and noqiflush if  bf
           is FALSE.  It ignores its win argument.

### keypad

           keypad  enables  recognition of a terminal's function keys.  If enabled
           (bf is TRUE) then when an input character reading function  reads  ESC,
           it  waits for further input corresponding to an escape sequence defined
           by the terminal type description.  If a valid  sequence  populates  the
           input  stream,  the  input  character  reading function returns a value
           representing the function key, such as KEY_LEFT.   (Wide-character  API
           users:  wget_wch(3x)  returns KEY_CODE_YES to indicate the availability
           of a function key code in its  wch  parameter.)   If  the  sequence  is
           invalid,  the  input  character  reading function returns only its last
           character.  If disabled (bf is FALSE), curses does not  treat  function
           keys  specially  and  the  program  has  to  interpret escape sequences
           itself.  If the terminal  type  description  defines  the  keypad_local
           (rmkx)  and keypad_xmit (smkx) capabilities, enabling a window's keypad
           mode sets the terminal's keypad to transmit, and disabling keypad  mode
           sets  the  terminal's  keypad  to work locally.  By default, a window's
           keypad mode is off.

### meta

           Initially, whether the terminal returns 7- or 8-bit character codes  on
           input  depends  on  the  configuration of the terminal driver; on POSIX
           systems, see  termios(3).   To  force  8  bits  to  be  returned,  call
           meta(...,  TRUE);  this is equivalent, on POSIX systems, to setting the
           CS8 flag on the terminal.   To  force  7  bits  to  be  returned,  call
           meta(...,  FALSE); this is equivalent, on POSIX systems, to setting the
           CS7 flag on the terminal.  curses ignores the window argument win.   If
           the  terminfo  string capabilities meta_on (smm) and meta_off (rmm) are
           defined for the terminal type, enabling meta mode sends smm's value  to
           the terminal and disabling it sends that of rmm to the terminal.

### nl, nonl

           Initially,  whether  the  terminal  reports a carriage return using the
           character code for a line feed in cbreak or raw modes  depends  on  the
           configuration  of  the  terminal driver; see termios(3).  nl configures
           the terminal to perform this translation.  nonl disables it.  Under its
           canonical  ("cooked")  line  discipline,  the  terminal  driver  always
           translates carriage returns to line feeds.

### nodelay

           nodelay  configures  the  input  character  reading function to be non-
           blocking for window win.  If no input is ready,  the  reading  function
           returns  ERR.  If disabled (bf is FALSE), the reading function does not
           return until it has input.

### notimeout

           When keypad has been called on a window and the input character reading
           function reads an ESC character from it,  curses  sets  a  timer  while
           waiting   for  the  next  character.   If  the  timer  elapses,  curses
           interprets the ESC as an explicit press of the  terminal's  Escape  key
           (or  equivalent).   notimeout(win,  TRUE)  disables  this  timer.   The
           purpose of the timeout  is  to  distinguish  sequences  produced  by  a
           function  key  from  those typed by a user.  If this timer is disabled,
           curses waits forever for subsequent keystrokes until it determines  the
           escape sequence to be valid or invalid.

### qiflush, noqiflush

           qiflush  and noqiflush configure the terminal driver's treatment of its
           input and output queues when it handles the interrupt, suspend, or quit
           characters under the canonical ("cooked") or cbreak line disciplines on
           POSIX systems; see termios(3).  The default behavior is inherited  from
           the  terminal driver settings.  Calling qiflush configures the terminal
           to flush the queues (discarding  their  contents)  when  any  of  these
           events  occurs, giving the impression of faster response to user input,
           but making the  library's  model  of  the  screen  contents  incorrect.
           Calling noqiflush prevents such flushing, but might frustrate impatient
           users  on  slow  connections  if  a  curses  update of the screen is in
           progress when the event occurs; see typeahead below for a mitigation of
           this problem.  You may want to call noqiflush in a signal  handler  if,
           after  the  handler  exits,  you  want output to continue as though the
           signal had not occurred.

### raw, noraw

           raw configures the terminal to read input in raw mode, which is similar
           to cbreak mode (see cbreak above) except  that  it  furthermore  passes
           through  the  terminal's  configured interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow
           control  characters  uninterpreted  to  the  application,  instead   of
           generating  a  signal  or  acting  on  I/O  flow.   The behavior of the
           terminal's  "Break"  key  (if   any)   depends   on   terminal   driver
           configuration  parameters  that curses does not handle.  noraw restores
           the terminal's canonical ("cooked") line discipline.

### timeout, wtimeout

           wtimeout configures whether a curses input character  reading  function
           called  on window win uses blocking or non-blocking reads.  If delay is
           negative, curses uses a blocking read, waiting indefinitely for  input.
           If  delay is zero, the read is non-blocking; an input character reading
           function returns ERR if no input is pending.  If delay is positive,  an
           input  character  reading  function  blocks for delay milliseconds, and
           returns ERR if the delay elapses and there is still no  input  pending.
           timeout calls wtimeout on stdscr.

### typeahead

           Normally,  a curses library checks the terminal's input file descriptor
           for activity with poll(2) or select(2) while updating the screen; if it
           finds  any,  it  postpones  output  until  the  next  wrefresh(3x)   or
           doupdate(3x)  call,  allowing faster response to user key strokes.  The
           library tests the file descriptor  corresponding  to  the  FILE  stream
           pointer passed to newterm(3x) (or stdin if initscr(3x) was called), for
           pending  input.   typeahead instructs curses to test file descriptor fd
           instead.  An fd of -1 disables the check.

## RETURN VALUE

           timeout and wtimeout return no value.

           cbreak, nocbreak, echo, noecho,  halfdelay,  intrflush,  keypad,  meta,
           nodelay,  notimeout,  nl,  nonl, raw, noraw, and typeahead return OK on
           success and ERR on failure.

           In ncurses, the functions in the previous paragraph return ERR if

           o   the library's TERMINAL  structure  for  the  device  has  not  been
               initialized with initscr(3x), newterm(3x), or setupterm(3x), or

           o   win is a null pointer (except with intrflush and meta, which ignore
               its value).

           Further, halfdelay returns ERR if delay is outside the range 1..255.

           See  section  "EXTENSIONS"  below  for  the return values of is_cbreak,
           is_echo, is_nl, and is_raw.

## NOTES

           echo, noecho, halfdelay, intrflush, meta, nl, nonl, nodelay, notimeout,
           noqiflush, qiflush, timeout, and wtimeout may be implemented as macros.

           noraw and nocbreak follow historical practice in that they  attempt  to
           restore  the  terminal's  canonical ("cooked") line discipline from raw
           and cbreak, respectively.  Mixing raw/noraw calls with  cbreak/nocbreak
           calls  leads to terminal driver control states that are hard to predict
           or understand; doing so is not recommended.

           curses documentation uses the terms "delay"  and  "timeout"  freely  to
           describe  two  related  but  distinct aspects of input handling, at the
           risk of confusing the user.  The functions halfdelay, nodelay, timeout,
           and wtimeout configure whether the  input  character  reading  function
           (wgetch(3x) or wget_wch(3x)) waits for keyboard input to begin, and for
           how  long.   keypad  configures whether that function waits for further
           input if the first character it reads is ESC.  Calling notimeout, which
           has nothing to do  with  timeout  or  wtimeout,  makes  this  delay  in
           expectation  of further characters effectively infinite.  X/Open Curses
           affords no means of otherwise configuring the  length  of  this  second
           delay, but an AIX and ncurses extension, ESCDELAY, is available both as
           an  environment  variable  and  a global symbol permitting the user and
           application,   respectively,   to   do   so;   see   ncurses(3x)    and
           curs_variables(3x).

## EXTENSIONS

           ncurses  provides  four  "is_" functions corresponding to cbreak, echo,
           nl, and raw, permitting their states to be queried by the application.

                                Query       Set      Reset
                                ------------------------------
                                is_cbreak   cbreak   nocbreak
                                is_echo     echo     noecho
                                is_nl       nl       nonl
                                is_raw      raw      noraw

           In each case, the function returns

           1    if the option is set,

           0    if the option is unset, or

           -1   if the library's TERMINAL structure for the device  has  not  been
                initialized.

## PORTABILITY

           Applications employing ncurses extensions should condition their use on
           the visibility of the NCURSES_VERSION preprocessor macro.

           Except  as  noted  in section "EXTENSIONS" above, X/Open Curses Issue 4
           describes these functions.  It specifies no error conditions for them.

           SVr4 describes a successful return value  only  as  "an  integer  value
           other than ERR".

           ncurses  follows  X/Open Curses and the historical practice of System V
           curses, clearing the terminal driver's "echo"  flag  when  initializing
           the  screen.  BSD curses did not, but its raw function turned it off as
           a side effect.  For best portability, call echo  or  noecho  explicitly
           just  after initialization, even if your program retains the terminal's
           canonical ("cooked") line discipline.

           X/Open Curses is ambiguous regarding whether  raw  should  disable  the
           carriage  return and line feed translation feature controlled by nl and
           nonl.  BSD curses turned off these translations;  System V  curses  did
           not.   ncurses  does so, on the assumption that a programmer requesting
           raw input wants a clean (ideally,  8-bit  clean)  connection  that  the
           operating system will not alter.

           When  keypad  is first enabled for a window, ncurses loads the standard
           function key string capabilities for the terminal type  description  of
           its  screen;  see the entries beginning with "key_" in terminfo(5).  If
           that description includes extended string capabilities, produced by the
           -x option of tic(1), for example, then ncurses also  defines  keys  for
           the  capabilities  whose  codes  begin  with  "k".  ncurses generates a
           numeric key code  for  each  such  extended  capability;  depending  on
           previous loads of terminal type descriptions, these may differ from one
           execution  of  a  program  to  the  next.   keyname(3x)  recognizes the
           generated key codes and returns a name beginning with "k" denoting  the
           terminfo capability name rather than "KEY_", used for curses key names.
           On  the  other  hand,  an  application can use define_key(3x) to bind a
           selected key to a string of  the  programmer's  choice.   This  feature
           enables an application to check for its presence with tigetstr(3x), and
           reassign the numeric key code to match its own needs.

           Low-level applications can use tigetstr(3x) to obtain the definition of
           any  string  capability.   curses  applications use the input character
           reading function to obtain key codes from input and rely upon the order
           in which the string capabilities are loaded.  Multiple  key  capability
           strings  can  have  the  same  value,  but  the input character reading
           function can report only one key  code.   Most  curses  implementations
           (including  ncurses)  load  key definitions in the order they appear in
           the strfnames array of string capability names; see term_variables(3x).
           The last capability read using a particular definition  determines  the
           key  code  to  be  reported.   In ncurses, extended capabilities can be
           interpreted as key definitions.  The  library  loads  these  after  its
           built-in definitions, and if an extended capability's value is the same
           as one previously loaded, the library uses the later definition.

## HISTORY

           4BSD (1980) introduced echo, noecho, nl, nonl, raw, and noraw.

           SVr2 (1984) featured a new terminal driver, extending the curses API to
           support it with cbreak, nocbreak, intrflush, keypad, meta, nodelay, and
           typeahead.

           SVr3  (1987)  added  halfdelay,  notimeout,  and wtimeout.  qiflush and
           noqiflush appeared in SVr3.1 (1987), at which point intrflush became  a
           wrapper  for  either  of these functions, depending on the value of its
           Boolean argument.  SVr3.1 also added timeout.

           ncurses 6.5 (2024) introduced is_cbreak, is_echo, is_nl, and is_raw.

           Formerly, ncurses used  nl  and  nonl  to  control  the  conversion  of
           newlines  to  carriage  return/line  feed  on  output as well as input.
           X/Open Curses documents the use of  these  functions  only  for  input.
           This  difference arose from converting the pcurses source (1986), which
           used ioctl(2) calls and the sgttyb structure,  to  termios  (the  POSIX
           terminal  API).   In the former, both input and output conversions were
           controlled via a single option  "CRMOD",  while  the  latter  separates
           these   features.   Because  that  conversion  interferes  with  output
           optimization, ncurses 6.2 (2020) amended nl and nonl to eliminate their
           effect on output.

## SEE ALSO

           curses(3x),    curs_getch(3x),     curs_initscr(3x),     curs_util(3x),
           define_key(3x), termios(3), term_variables(3x)

    ncurses 6.5                       2025-10-04                   curs_inopts(3x)