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<H1 class="no-header">ncurses 3x 2024-02-24 ncurses 6.4 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> - character-cell terminal interface with optimized output
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
The <EM>ncurses</EM> library routines give the user a terminal-independent
method of updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
This implementation is "new curses" (<EM>ncurses</EM>) and is the approved
replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.
This describes <EM>ncurses</EM> version 6.4 (patch 20240224).
The <EM>ncurses</EM> library emulates the curses library of System V Release 4
Unix ("SVr4"), and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known
as XSI curses). XSI stands for X/Open System Interfaces Extension.
The <EM>ncurses</EM> library is freely redistributable in source form.
<EM>ncurses</EM> man pages employ several sections to clarify matters of usage
and interoperability with other <EM>curses</EM> implementations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "NOTES" describes matters and caveats of which any user of the
<EM>ncurses</EM> API should be aware, such as limitations on the size of an
underlying integral type or the availability of a preprocessor
macro exclusive of a function definition (which prevents its
address from being taken). This section also describes
implementation details that will be significant to the programmer
but which are not standardized.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "EXTENSIONS" presents <EM>ncurses</EM> innovations beyond the X/Open Curses
standard and/or the SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> implementation. They are termed
<EM>extensions</EM> to indicate that they cannot be implemented solely by
using the library API, but require access to the library's internal
state.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "PORTABILITY" discusses matters (beyond the exercise of extensions)
that should be considered when writing to a <EM>curses</EM> standard, or to
multiple implementations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "HISTORY" examines points of detail in <EM>ncurses</EM> and other <EM>curses</EM>
implementations over the decades of their development, particularly
where precedent or inertia have frustrated better design (and, in a
few cases, where such inertia has been overcome).
A program using these routines must be linked with the <STRONG>-lncurses</STRONG>
option, or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library
<STRONG>-lncurses_g</STRONG>. (Your system integrator may also have installed these
libraries under the names <STRONG>-lcurses</STRONG> and <STRONG>-lcurses_g</STRONG>.) The ncurses_g
library generates trace logs (in a file called "trace" in the current
directory) that describe curses actions. See section "ALTERNATE
CONFIGURATIONS" below.
The <EM>ncurses</EM> package supports: overall screen, window and pad
manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input;
control over terminal and <STRONG>curses</STRONG> input and output options; environment
query routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo
capabilities; and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></H3><PRE>
The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized.
That is normally done with <STRONG>setlocale(3)</STRONG>:
<STRONG>setlocale(LC_ALL,</STRONG> <STRONG>"");</STRONG>
If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that characters
are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs.
You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of
the library when the locale has not been set up.
The function <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> must be called to initialize the
library before any of the other routines that deal with windows and
screens are used. The routine <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">endwin(3x)</A></STRONG> must be called before
exiting.
To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most interactive,
screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence should be
used:
<STRONG>initscr();</STRONG> <STRONG>cbreak();</STRONG> <STRONG>noecho();</STRONG>
Most programs would additionally use the sequence:
<STRONG>intrflush(stdscr,</STRONG> <STRONG>FALSE);</STRONG>
<STRONG>keypad(stdscr,</STRONG> <STRONG>TRUE);</STRONG>
Before a <STRONG>curses</STRONG> program is run, the tab stops of the terminal should be
set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output. This
can be done by executing the <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>init</STRONG> command after the shell
environment variable <EM>TERM</EM> has been exported. (The BSD-style <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG>
utility also performs this function.) See subsection "Tabs and
Initialization" of <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Overview">Overview</a></H3><PRE>
A <EM>curses</EM> library abstracts the terminal screen by representing all or
part of it as a <EM>WINDOW</EM> data structure. A <EM>window</EM> is a rectangular grid
of character cells, addressed by row and column coordinates (<EM>y</EM>, <EM>x</EM>),
with the upper left corner as (0, 0). A window called <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, the same
size as the terminal screen, is always available. Create others with
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">newwin(3x)</A></STRONG>.
A <EM>curses</EM> library does not manage overlapping windows. (See <STRONG><A HREF="panel.3x.html">panel(3x)</A></STRONG>
if you desire this.) You can either use <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> to manage one screen-
filling window, or tile the screen into non-overlapping windows and not
use <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> at all. Mixing the two approaches will result in
unpredictable, and undesired, effects.
Functions permit manipulation of a window and the <EM>cursor</EM> identifying
the cell within it at which the next output operation will occur.
Among those, the most basic are <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">move(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>: these place the
cursor and write a character to <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, respectively. As a rule,
window-addressing functions feature names prefixed (or infixed, see
below) with "w"; these allow the user to specify a pointer to a <EM>WINDOW.</EM>
Counterparts not thus prefixed (or infixed) affect <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>. Because
moving the cursor prior to another operation is so common, <EM>curses</EM>
generally also provides functions with a "mv" prefix as a convenience.
Thus, the library defines all of <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>.
When both prefixes are present, the order of arguments is a <EM>WINDOW</EM>
pointer first, then a <EM>y</EM> and <EM>x</EM> coordinate pair.
Updating the terminal screen with every <EM>curses</EM> call can cause
unpleasant flicker or inefficient use of the communications channel to
the device. Therefore, after using <EM>curses</EM> functions to accumulate a
set of desired updates that make sense to present together, call
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> to tell the library to make the user's screen look like
<STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>. <EM>ncurses</EM> <EM>optimizes</EM> its output by computing a minimal number of
operations to mutate the screen from its state at the previous refresh
to the new one. Effective optimization demands accurate information
about the terminal device: the management of such information is the
province of the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG> API, a feature of every standard <EM>curses</EM>
implementation.
Special windows called <EM>pads</EM> may also be manipulated. These are windows
that are not constrained to the size of the terminal screen and whose
contents need not be completely displayed. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>.
In addition to drawing characters on the screen, rendering attributes
and colors may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such
modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that
support such display enhancements. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>curses</EM> predefines constants for a small set of line-drawing and other
graphics corresponding to the DEC Alternate Character Set (ACS), a
feature of VT100 and other terminals. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">waddch(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">wadd_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>curses</EM> is implemented using the operating system's terminal driver;
keystroke events are received not as scan codes but as byte sequences.
Graphical keycaps (alphanumeric and punctuation keys, and the space)
appear as-is. Everything else, including the tab, enter/return,
keypad, arrow, and function keys, appears as a control character or a
multibyte <EM>escape</EM> <EM>sequence.</EM> <EM>curses</EM> translates these into unique <EM>key</EM>
<EM>codes.</EM> See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">getch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Effects-of-GUIs-and-Environment-Variables">Effects of GUIs and Environment Variables</a></H3><PRE>
The selection of an appropriate value of <EM>TERM</EM> in the process
environment is essential to correct <EM>curses</EM> and <EM>terminfo</EM> library
operation. A well-configured system selects a correct <EM>TERM</EM> value
automatically; <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG> may assist with troubleshooting exotic
situations.
If the environment variables <EM>LINES</EM> and <EM>COLUMNS</EM> are set, or if the
<EM>curses</EM> program is executing in a graphical windowing environment, the
information obtained thence overrides that obtained by <EM>terminfo</EM>. An
<EM>ncurses</EM> extension supports resizable terminals; see <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>.
If the environment variable <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is defined, a <EM>curses</EM> program
checks first for a terminal type description in the location it
identifies. <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is useful for developing experimental type
descriptions or when write permission to <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM> is not
available.
See section "ENVIRONMENT" below.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Naming-Conventions">Naming Conventions</a></H3><PRE>
Many <EM>curses</EM> functions have two or more versions. Those prefixed with
"w" require a window argument. Four functions prefixed with "p"
require a pad argument. Those without a prefix generally operate on
<STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
In function synopses, <EM>ncurses</EM> man pages apply the following names to
parameters.
<EM>bf</EM> <EM>bool</EM> (<STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>)
<EM>win</EM> pointer to <EM>WINDOW</EM>
<EM>pad</EM> pointer to <EM>WINDOW</EM> that is a pad
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Wide-and-Non-wide-Character-Configurations">Wide and Non-wide Character Configurations</a></H3><PRE>
This manual page describes functions that appear in any configuration
of the library. There are two common configurations; see section
"ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" below.
<EM>ncurses</EM> is the library in its "non-wide" configuration, handling only
eight-bit characters. It stores a character combined with
attributes in a <EM>chtype</EM> datum, which is often an alias of <EM>int.</EM>
Attributes alone (with no corresponding character) can be
stored in variables of <EM>chtype</EM> or <EM>attr</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> type. In either
case, they are represented as an integral bit mask.
Each cell of a <EM>WINDOW</EM> is stored as a <EM>chtype.</EM>
<EM>ncursesw</EM> is the library in its "wide" configuration, which handles
character encodings requiring a larger data type than <EM>char</EM> (a
byte-sized type) can represent. It adds about one third more
calls using additional data types that can store such
<EM>multibyte</EM> characters.
<EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> corresponds to the non-wide configuration's <EM>chtype.</EM>
It always a structure type, because it stores more
data than fits into an integral type. A character
code may not be representable as a <EM>char,</EM> and
moreover more than one character may occupy a cell
(as with accent marks and other diacritics). Each
character is of type <EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t;</EM> a complex character
contains one spacing character and zero or more non-
spacing characters (see below). Attributes and
color data are stored in separate fields of the
structure, not combined as in <EM>chtype.</EM>
Each cell of a <EM>WINDOW</EM> is stored as a <EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t.</EM>
The <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">setcchar(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG> functions store and
retrieve the data from a <EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> structure. The wide library
API of <EM>ncurses</EM> depends on two data types standardized by ISO
C95.
<EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> stores a wide character. Like <EM>chtype,</EM> it may be an
alias of <EM>int.</EM> Depending on the character encoding,
a wide character may be <EM>spacing,</EM> meaning that it
occupies a character cell by itself and typically
accompanies cursor advancement, or <EM>non-spacing,</EM>
meaning that it occupies the same cell as a spacing
character, is often regarded as a "modifier" of the
base glyph with which it combines, and typically
does not advance the cursor.
<EM>wint</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> can store a <EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> or the constant <STRONG>WEOF</STRONG>,
analogously to the <EM>int</EM>-sized character manipulation
functions of ISO C and its constant <STRONG>EOF</STRONG>.
The wide library provides additional functions that
complement those in the non-wide library where the size of
the underlying character type is significant. A somewhat
regular naming convention relates many of the wide variants
to their non-wide counterparts; where a non-wide function
name contains "ch" or "str", prefix it with "_w" to obtain
the wide counterpart. For example, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>.
This convention is inapplicable to some non-wide function
names, so other transformations are used for the wide
configuration: in the window background management functions,
"bkgd" becomes "bkgrnd"; the window border-drawing and
-clearing functions are suffixed with "_set".
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Function-Name-Index">Function Name Index</a></H3><PRE>
The following table lists the <EM>curses</EM> functions provided in the non-wide
and wide APIs and the corresponding man pages that describe them.
Those flagged with "*" are <EM>ncurses</EM>-specific, neither described by
X/Open Curses nor present in SVr4.
<STRONG><EM>curses</EM></STRONG> Function Name Man Page
---------------------------------------------
COLOR_PAIR <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
PAIR_NUMBER <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
addchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
alloc_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
assume_default_colors <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>*
attr_get <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
baudrate <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
beep <STRONG><A HREF="curs_beep.3x.html">curs_beep(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgdset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgrndset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
border <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
border_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
box <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
box_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
can_change_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
cbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
chgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
clear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
clearok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
clrtobot <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
clrtoeol <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
color_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
color_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
copywin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
curs_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
curses_trace <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>*
curses_version <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG>*
def_prog_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
def_shell_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
define_key <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>*
del_curterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
delay_output <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
delch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
deleteln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
delscreen <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
delwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
derwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
doupdate <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
dupwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
echo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
echo_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
echochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
endwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
erase <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
erasechar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
erasewchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
exit_curses <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>*
exit_terminfo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_color_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_pair_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_slk_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>*
filter <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
find_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
flash <STRONG><A HREF="curs_beep.3x.html">curs_beep(3x)</A></STRONG>
flushinp <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
free_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
get_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
get_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getattrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbegx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getbegy <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getbegyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
getcchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>
getch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
getcurx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getcury <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxy <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getmouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getparx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getpary <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getparyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getsyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
getwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
getyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
halfdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_colors <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_ic <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_il <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_key <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>*
has_mouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
hline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
hline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
idcok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
idlok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
immedok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
inch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
inchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
inchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
init_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
init_extended_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
init_extended_pair <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
init_pair <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
initscr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
innstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
innwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
insch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
insdelln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
insertln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
insnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
insstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
instr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
intrflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
inwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
is_cbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_cleared <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_echo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_idcok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_idlok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_immedok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_keypad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_leaveok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_linetouched <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
is_nl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_nodelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_notimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_pad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_raw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_scrollok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_subwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_syncok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_term_resized <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_wintouched <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
isendwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
key_defined <STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>*
key_name <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
keybound <STRONG><A HREF="keybound.3x.html">keybound(3x)</A></STRONG>*
keyname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
keyok <STRONG><A HREF="keyok.3x.html">keyok(3x)</A></STRONG>*
keypad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
killchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
killwchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
leaveok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
longname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
mcprint <STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG>*
meta <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
mouse_trafo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
mouseinterval <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
mousemask <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
move <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvcur <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvderwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvhline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvhline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwhline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwhline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
napms <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
newpad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
newterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
newwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
nl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nocbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nodelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noecho <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nofilter <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>*
nonl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noqiflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noraw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
notimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
overlay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
overwrite <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
pair_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
pecho_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
pechochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
pnoutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
prefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
printw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
putp <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
putwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
qiflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
raw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
redrawwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
refresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
reset_color_pairs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
reset_prog_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
reset_shell_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
resetty <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
resize_term <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
resizeterm <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
restartterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
ripoffline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
savetty <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
scanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_dump <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_init <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_restore <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
scroll <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
scrollok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
set_curterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
set_term <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
setcchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>
setscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
setsyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
setupterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>*
slk_attr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_clear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_init <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_label <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_noutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_refresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_restore <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_touch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_wset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
standend <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
standout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
start_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
subpad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
subwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
syncok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
term_attrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
termattrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
termname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetent <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetflag <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetnum <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgoto <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetflag <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetnum <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
timeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
tiparm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tiparm_s <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>*
tiscan_s <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>*
touchline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
touchwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
tparm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
trace <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>*
typeahead <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
unctrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
unget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ungetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ungetmouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
untouchwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
use_default_colors <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_env <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
use_extended_names <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_legacy_coding <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_tioctl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>*
vid_attr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vid_puts <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vidattr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vidputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
vline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
vw_printw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vw_scanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vwprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vwscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_get <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgdset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgrndset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wborder <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
wborder_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
wchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclrtobot <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclrtoeol <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wcolor_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wcursyncup <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wdeleteln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
wecho_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wechochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wenclose <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
werase <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetparent <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
whline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
whline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
winchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsdelln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsertln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wmouse_trafo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wmove <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>
wnoutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wredrawln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wresize <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wscrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsetscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
wstandend <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wstandout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsyncdown <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsyncup <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wtimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
wtouchln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wunctrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
wvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
wvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
Depending on the configuration, additional sets of functions may be
available:
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses memory-leak checking
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses screen-pointer extension
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses thread support
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses debugging routines
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
Unless otherwise noted, functions that return an integer return <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on
success and <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on failure. Functions that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG>
on failure. Typically, <EM>ncurses</EM> treats a null pointer passed as a
function parameter as a failure.
Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform cursor movement using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>
and fail if the position is outside the window, or (for "mvw"
functions) if the <EM>WINDOW</EM> pointer is null.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a></H2><PRE>
The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the
runtime behavior of the <EM>ncurses</EM> library. The most important ones have
been already discussed in detail.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-CC-_command-character_"><EM>CC</EM> (command character)</a></H3><PRE>
When set, change the <STRONG>command_character</STRONG> (<STRONG>cmdch</STRONG>) capability value of
loaded <EM>terminfo</EM> entries to the value of this variable. Very few <EM>term-</EM>
<EM>info</EM> entries provide this feature.
Because this name is also used in development environments to represent
the C compiler's name, <EM>ncurses</EM> ignores it if it does not happen to be a
single character.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-BAUDRATE"><EM>BAUDRATE</EM></a></H3><PRE>
The debugging library checks this environment variable when the
application has redirected output to a file. The variable's numeric
value is used for the baud rate. If no value is found, <EM>ncurses</EM> uses
9600. This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases that take
into account costs that depend on baud rate.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLUMNS"><EM>COLUMNS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Specify the width of the screen in characters. Applications running in
a windowing environment usually are able to obtain the width of the
window in which they are executing. If neither the <EM>COLUMNS</EM> value nor
the terminal's screen size is available, <EM>ncurses</EM> uses the size which
may be specified in the terminfo database (i.e., the <STRONG>cols</STRONG> capability).
It is important that your application use a correct size for the
screen. This is not always possible because your application may be
running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window
Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user.
However, setting <EM>COLUMNS</EM> and/or <EM>LINES</EM> overrides the library's use of
the screen size obtained from the operating system.
Either <EM>COLUMNS</EM> or <EM>LINES</EM> symbols may be specified independently. This
is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal
descriptions, e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen.
For best results, <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>cols</STRONG> should not be specified in a terminal
description for terminals which are run as emulations.
Use the <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> function to disable all use of external environment
(but not including system calls) to determine the screen size. Use the
<STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> function to update <EM>COLUMNS</EM> or <EM>LINES</EM> to match the screen size
obtained from system calls or the terminal database.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-ESCDELAY"><EM>ESCDELAY</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which <EM>ncurses</EM> will await
a character sequence, e.g., a function key. The default value, 1000
milliseconds, is enough for most uses. However, it is made a variable
to accommodate unusual applications.
The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to
work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network. If the host cannot
read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if the
terminal did not send characters rapidly enough. The library will
still see a timeout.
Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences
received from the xterm. If your application makes heavy use of
multiple-clicking, you may wish to lengthen this default value because
the timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as well as the
individual clicks.
In addition to the environment variable, this implementation provides a
global variable with the same name. Portable applications should not
rely upon the presence of <STRONG>ESCDELAY</STRONG> in either form, but setting the
environment variable rather than the global variable does not create
problems when compiling an application.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-HOME"><EM>HOME</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Tells <EM>ncurses</EM> where your home directory is. That is where it may read
and write auxiliary terminal descriptions:
$HOME/.termcap
$HOME/.terminfo
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-LINES"><EM>LINES</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Like <EM>COLUMNS</EM>, specify the height of the screen in characters. See
<EM>COLUMNS</EM> for a detailed description.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-MOUSE_BUTTONS_123"><EM>MOUSE_BUTTONS_123</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies the order of
buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently
from other platforms:
1 = left
2 = right
3 = middle.
This variable lets you customize the mouse. The variable must be three
numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not
specified, <EM>ncurses</EM> uses 132.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS"><EM>NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Override the compiled-in assumption that the terminal's default colors
are white-on-black (see <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>). You may set the
foreground and background color values with this environment variable
by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background. For example, to
tell <EM>ncurses</EM> to not assume anything about the colors, set this to
"-1,-1". To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any positive
value from zero to the terminfo <STRONG>max_colors</STRONG> value is allowed.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2"><EM>NCURSES_CONSOLE2</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This applies only to the MinGW port of <EM>ncurses</EM>.
The <STRONG>Console2</STRONG> program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call
<STRONG>CreateConsoleScreenBuffer</STRONG> is defective. Applications which use this
will hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action of this call
by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring the original
screen contents. Setting the environment variable <STRONG>NCGDB</STRONG> has the same
effect.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_GPM_TERMS"><EM>NCURSES_GPM_TERMS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This applies only to <EM>ncurses</EM> configured to use the GPM interface.
If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal
names against which the <EM>TERM</EM> environment variable is matched. Setting
it to an empty value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in
support for xterm, etc.
If the environment variable is absent, <EM>ncurses</EM> will attempt to open GPM
if <EM>TERM</EM> contains "linux".
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS"><EM>NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> may use tabs as part of cursor movement optimization. In some
cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly. Set this
environment variable to any value to disable the feature. You can also
adjust your <STRONG>stty(1)</STRONG> settings to avoid the problem.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE"><EM>NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special
handling to make highlighting and other video attributes display
properly. You can suppress the highlighting entirely for these
terminals by setting this environment variable to any value.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_PADDING"><EM>NCURSES_NO_PADDING</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written
for real "hardware" terminals. Many people use terminal emulators
which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications.
Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the important aspects of a
hardware terminal, but they do not have the same limitations. The
chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your
application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing. Unless a
hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which
does flow control), it (or your application) must manage dataflow,
preventing overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware cost) is for
your program to do this by pausing after operations that the terminal
does slowly, such as clearing the display.
As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have
delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions, but not
want to pay the performance penalty.
Set the <EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>NO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>PADDING</EM> environment variable to disable all but
mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special
control sequences such as <STRONG>flash</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF"><EM>NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This setting is obsolete. Before changes
<STRONG>o</STRONG> started with 5.9 patch 20120825 and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> continued though 5.9 patch 20130126
<EM>ncurses</EM> enabled buffered output during terminal initialization. This
was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons. For testing
purposes, both of <EM>ncurses</EM> and certain applications, this feature was
made optional. Setting the <EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>NO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>SETBUF</EM> variable disabled output
buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually line buffered)
mode.
In the current implementation, <EM>ncurses</EM> performs its own buffering and
does not require this workaround. It does not modify the buffering of
the standard output.
The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and
other signals more robust. One drawback is that certain
nonconventional programs would mix ordinary <STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG> calls with <EM>ncurses</EM>
calls and (usually) work. This is no longer possible since <EM>ncurses</EM> is
not using the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same
file descriptor). As a special case, the low-level calls such as <STRONG>putp</STRONG>
still use the standard output. But high-level curses calls do not.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS"><EM>NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
During initialization, the <EM>ncurses</EM> library checks for special cases
where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding alternate character set
capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to be missing.
Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux console
emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these. <EM>ncurses</EM> <EM>checks</EM> <EM>the</EM>
<EM>TERM</EM> <EM>environment</EM> <EM>variable</EM> <EM>for</EM> <EM>these.</EM> <EM>For</EM> <EM>other</EM> <EM>special</EM> <EM>cases,</EM> <EM>you</EM>
<EM>should</EM> <EM>set</EM> <EM>this</EM> <EM>environment</EM> <EM>variable.</EM> <EM>Doing</EM> <EM>this</EM> <EM>tells</EM> <EM>ncurses</EM> <EM>to</EM> <EM>use</EM>
<EM>Unicode</EM> <EM>values</EM> <EM>which</EM> <EM>correspond</EM> <EM>to</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>VT100</EM> <EM>line-drawing</EM> <EM>glyphs.</EM> <EM>That</EM>
<EM>works</EM> <EM>for</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>special</EM> <EM>cases</EM> <EM>cited,</EM> <EM>and</EM> <EM>is</EM> <EM>likely</EM> <EM>to</EM> <EM>work</EM> <EM>for</EM> <EM>terminal</EM>
<EM>emulators.</EM>
When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value.
Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check for
"linux" and "screen".
As an alternative to the environment variable, <EM>ncurses</EM> checks for an
extended terminfo capability <STRONG>U8</STRONG>. This is a numeric capability which
can be compiled using <STRONG>tic</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>. For example
# linux console, if patched to provide working
# VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
U8#0, use=linux,
# uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
U8#1, use=xterm,
The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to permit it to be used
by applications that use <EM>ncurses</EM>' termcap interface.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_TRACE"><EM>NCURSES_TRACE</EM></a></H3><PRE>
During initialization, the <EM>ncurses</EM> debugging library checks the
<EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>TRACE</EM> environment variable. If it is defined, to a numeric
value, <EM>ncurses</EM> calls the <STRONG>trace</STRONG> function, using that value as the
argument.
The argument values, which are defined in <STRONG>curses.h</STRONG>, provide several
types of information. When running with traces enabled, your
application will write the file <STRONG>trace</STRONG> to the current directory.
See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG> for more information.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERM"><EM>TERM</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is distinct, though
many are similar.
<EM>TERM</EM> is commonly set by terminal emulators to help applications find a
workable terminal description. Some of those choose a popular
approximation, e.g., "ansi", "vt100", "xterm" rather than an exact fit.
Not infrequently, your application will have problems with that
approach, e.g., incorrect function-key definitions.
If you set <EM>TERM</EM> in your environment, it has no effect on the operation
of the terminal emulator. It only affects the way applications work
within the terminal. Likewise, as a general rule (<STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG> being a
rare exception), terminal emulators which allow you to specify <EM>TERM</EM> as
a parameter or configuration value do not change their behavior to
match that setting.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMCAP"><EM>TERMCAP</EM></a></H3><PRE>
If the <EM>ncurses</EM> library has been configured with <EM>termcap</EM> support,
<EM>ncurses</EM> will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if it
is not available in the terminfo database.
The <EM>TERMCAP</EM> environment variable contains either a terminal description
(with newlines stripped out), or a file name telling where the
information denoted by the <EM>TERM</EM> environment variable exists. In either
case, setting it directs <EM>ncurses</EM> to ignore the usual place for this
information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMINFO"><EM>TERMINFO</EM></a></H3><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases.
The <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable overrides the location for the default terminal
database. Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in
terminal databases:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Normally these are stored in a directory tree, using subdirectories
named by the first letter of the terminal names therein.
This is the scheme used in System V, which legacy Unix systems use,
and the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable is used by <EM>curses</EM> applications on those
systems to override the default location of the terminal database.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>ncurses</EM> is built to use hashed databases, then each entry in
this list may be the path of a hashed database file, e.g.,
/usr/share/terminfo.db
rather than
/usr/share/terminfo/
The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster
than the directory tree. However, some applications assume the
existence of the directory tree, reading it directly rather than
using the terminfo library calls.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>ncurses</EM> is built with a support for reading termcap files
directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap
file.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable begins with "hex:" or "b64:", <EM>ncurses</EM> uses
the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal description.
You might produce the base64 format using <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>:
TERMINFO="$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)"
export TERMINFO
The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal
identified by the <EM>TERM</EM> variable.
Setting <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is the simplest, but not the only way to set location
of the default terminal database. The complete list of database
locations in order follows:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the last terminal database to which <EM>ncurses</EM> wrote, if any, is
searched first
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the location specified by the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> environment variable
<STRONG>o</STRONG> $HOME/.terminfo
<STRONG>o</STRONG> locations listed in the <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> environment variable
<STRONG>o</STRONG> one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled
into the <EM>ncurses</EM> library, i.e.,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM>
variable)
<STRONG>o</STRONG> /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable)
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMINFO_DIRS"><EM>TERMINFO_DIRS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions.
Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in the
section on the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable. The list is separated by colons
(i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo; it is an
extension developed for <EM>ncurses</EM>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMPATH"><EM>TERMPATH</EM></a></H3><PRE>
If <EM>TERMCAP</EM> does not hold a file name then <EM>ncurses</EM> checks the <EM>TERMPATH</EM>
environment variable. This is a list of filenames separated by spaces
or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
If the <EM>TERMPATH</EM> environment variable is not set, <EM>ncurses</EM> looks in the
files
/etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap,
in that order.
The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when
the current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses
setuid or setgid permissions:
$TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-ALTERNATE-CONFIGURATIONS">ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS</a></H2><PRE>
Many different <EM>ncurses</EM> configurations are possible, determined by the
options given to the <EM>configure</EM> script when building the library. Run
the script with the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to peruse them all. A few are of
particular significance to the application developer employing <EM>ncurses.</EM>
--disable-overwrite
The standard include for <EM>ncurses</EM> is as noted in <STRONG>SYNOPSIS</STRONG>:
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when <EM>ncurses</EM> is
not the main implementation of curses of the computer. If <EM>ncurses</EM>
is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a
subdirectory, e.g.,
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;ncurses/curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use
<STRONG>-lcurses</STRONG> to build executables.
--enable-widec
The configure script renames the library and (if the
<STRONG>--disable-overwrite</STRONG> option is used) puts the header files in a
different subdirectory. All of the library names have a "w"
appended to them, i.e., instead of
<STRONG>-lncurses</STRONG>
you link with
<STRONG>-lncursesw</STRONG>
You must also enable the wide-character features in the header
file when compiling for the wide-character library to use the
extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol which enables
these features has changed since XSI Curses, Issue 4:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol
<STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED</STRONG> but that was only valid for XPG4
(1996).
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Later, that was deemed conflicting with <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> defined
to 500.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> As of mid-2018, none of the features in this implementation
require a <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> feature greater than 600. However,
X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) recommends defining it to 700.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining
<STRONG>NCURSES_WIDECHAR</STRONG> with the caveat that some other header file
than <STRONG>curses.h</STRONG> may require a specific value for <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG>
(or a system-specific symbol).
The <EM>curses.h</EM> header file installed for the wide-character library
is designed to be compatible with the non-wide library's header.
Only the size of the <EM>WINDOW</EM> structure differs; few applications
require more than pointers to <EM>WINDOW</EM>s.
If the headers are installed allowing overwrite, the wide-
character library's headers should be installed last, to allow
applications to be built using either library from the same set of
headers.
--with-pthread
The configure script renames the library. All of the library
names have a "t" appended to them (before any "w" added by
<STRONG>--enable-widec</STRONG>).
The global variables such as <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> are replaced by macros to allow
read-only access. At the same time, setter-functions are provided
to set these values. Some applications (very few) may require
changes to work with this convention.
--with-shared
--with-normal
--with-debug
--with-profile
The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their
suffixes, e.g., <STRONG>libncurses.so</STRONG> and <STRONG>libncurses.a</STRONG>. The debug and
profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root names
respectively, e.g., <STRONG>libncurses_g.a</STRONG> and <STRONG>libncurses_p.a</STRONG>.
--with-termlib
Low-level functions which do not depend upon whether the library
supports wide-characters, are provided in the tinfo library.
By doing this, it is possible to share the tinfo library between
wide/normal configurations as well as reduce the size of the
library when only low-level functions are needed.
Those functions are described in these pages:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG> - miscellaneous <EM>curses</EM> extensions
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> input options
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG> - low-level <EM>curses</EM> routines
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> environment query routines
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> emulation of <EM>termcap</EM>
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> interface to <EM>terminfo</EM> database
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> - miscellaneous <EM>curses</EM> utility routines
--with-trace
The <STRONG>trace</STRONG> function normally resides in the debug library, but it
is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library.
Configure scripts should check for the function's existence rather
than assuming it is always in the debug library.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>/usr/share/tabset</EM>
tab stop initialization database
<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
compiled terminal capability database
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
X/Open Curses permits most functions it specifies to be made available
as macros as well. <EM>ncurses</EM> does so
<STRONG>o</STRONG> for functions that return values via their parameters,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> to support obsolete features,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> to reuse functions (for example, those that move the cursor before
another operation), and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> a few special cases.
If the standard output file descriptor of an <EM>ncurses</EM> program is
redirected to something that is not a terminal device, the library
writes screen updates to the standard error file descriptor. This was
an undocumented feature of SVr3.
See subsection "Header files" below regarding symbols exposed by
inclusion of <EM>curses.h</EM>.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> enables an application to capture mouse events on certain
terminals, including <EM>xterm;</EM> see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> provides a means of responding to window resizing events, as
when running in a GUI terminal emulator application such as <EM>xterm;</EM> see
<STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> allows an application to query the terminal for the presence of
a wide variety of special keys; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">has_key(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> extends the fixed set of function key capabilities specified by
X/Open Curses by allowing the application programmer to define
additional key sequences at runtime; see <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>, and <STRONG><A HREF="keyok.3x.html">keyok(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> can exploit the capabilities of terminals implementing
ISO 6429/ECMA-48 SGR 39 and SGR 49 sequences, which allow an
application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and
background colors. From a user's perspective, the application is able
to draw colored text on a background whose color is set independently,
providing better control over color contrasts. See <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>.
An <EM>ncurses</EM> application can choose to hide the internal details of
<EM>WINDOW</EM> structures, instead using accessor functions such as
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">is_scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> enables an application to direct application output to a
printer attached to the terminal device; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> offers <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">slk_attr(3x)</A></STRONG> as a counterpart of <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">attr_get(3x)</A></STRONG> for soft-
label key lines, and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">extended_slk_color(3x)</A></STRONG> as a form of <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">slk_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
that can gather color information from them when many colors are
supported.
Some extensions are only available if <EM>ncurses</EM> is compiled to support
them; see section "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" above.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Rudimentary support for multi-threaded applications may be
available; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Functions that ease the management of multiple screens can be
exposed; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The compiler option <STRONG>-DUSE_GETCAP</STRONG> causes the library to fall back to
reading <EM>/etc/termcap</EM> if the terminal setup code cannot find a <EM>term-</EM>
<EM>info</EM> entry corresponding to <EM>TERM.</EM> Use of this feature is not
recommended, as it essentially includes an entire <EM>termcap</EM> compiler
in the <EM>ncurses</EM> startup code, at a cost in memory usage and
application launch latency.
<EM>PDCurses</EM> and NetBSD <EM>curses</EM> incorporate some <EM>ncurses</EM> extensions.
Individual man pages indicate where this is the case.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
X/Open Curses defines two levels of conformance, "base" and "enhanced".
The latter includes several additional features, such as wide-character
and color support. <EM>ncurses</EM> intends base-level conformance with X/Open
Curses, and supports nearly all its enhanced features.
Differences between X/Open Curses and <EM>ncurses</EM> are documented in the
"PORTABILITY" sections of applicable man pages.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Error-Checking">Error Checking</a></H3><PRE>
In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting
some of the SVr4 documentation.
Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as
pointers to <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures to ensure they are not null. The main
reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer
error. The standard interface does not provide a way for the library
to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected.
Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the
portability of curses applications.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Padding-Differences">Padding Differences</a></H3><PRE>
In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities <STRONG>cr</STRONG>,
<STRONG>ind</STRONG>, <STRONG>cub1</STRONG>, <STRONG>ff</STRONG> and <STRONG>tab</STRONG> activated corresponding delay bits in the Unix
tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL
bytes. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the
interface to the Unix kernel significantly and increases the package's
portability correspondingly.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Header-Files">Header Files</a></H3><PRE>
The header file <EM>curses.h</EM> itself includes the header files <EM>stdio.h</EM> and
<EM>unctrl.h</EM>.
X/Open Curses has more to say, but does not finish the story:
The inclusion of &lt;curses.h&gt; may make visible all symbols from the
headers &lt;stdio.h&gt;, &lt;term.h&gt;, &lt;termios.h&gt;, and &lt;wchar.h&gt;.
Here is a more complete story:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Starting with BSD curses, all implementations have included
&lt;stdio.h&gt;.
BSD curses included &lt;curses.h&gt; and &lt;unctrl.h&gt; from an internal
header file <EM>curses.ext</EM> ("ext" abbreviated "externs").
BSD curses used &lt;stdio.h&gt; internally (for <STRONG>printw</STRONG> and <STRONG>scanw</STRONG>), but
nothing in &lt;curses.h&gt; itself relied upon &lt;stdio.h&gt;.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr2 curses added <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">newterm(3x)</A></STRONG>, which relies upon &lt;stdio.h&gt;. That
is, the function prototype uses <STRONG>FILE</STRONG>.
SVr4 curses added <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, which also use &lt;stdio.h&gt;.
X/Open Curses documents all three of these functions.
SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to
include &lt;stdio.h&gt; before including &lt;curses.h&gt;. Both document
curses showing &lt;curses.h&gt; as the only required header.
As a result, standard &lt;curses.h&gt; will always include &lt;stdio.h&gt;.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses is inconsistent with respect to SVr4 regarding
&lt;unctrl.h&gt;.
As noted in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>, <EM>ncurses</EM> includes &lt;unctrl.h&gt; from
&lt;curses.h&gt; (like SVr4).
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open's comments about &lt;term.h&gt; and &lt;termios.h&gt; may refer to HP-UX
and AIX:
HP-UX curses includes &lt;term.h&gt; from &lt;curses.h&gt; to declare <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>
in curses.h, but <EM>ncurses</EM> (and Solaris curses) do not.
AIX curses includes &lt;term.h&gt; and &lt;termios.h&gt;. Again, <EM>ncurses</EM> (and
Solaris curses) do not.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open says that &lt;curses.h&gt; <EM>may</EM> include &lt;term.h&gt;, but there is no
requirement that it do that.
Some programs use functions declared in both &lt;curses.h&gt; and
&lt;term.h&gt;, and must include both headers in the same module. Very
old versions of AIX curses required including &lt;curses.h&gt; before
including &lt;term.h&gt;.
Because <EM>ncurses</EM> header files include the headers needed to define
datatypes used in the headers, <EM>ncurses</EM> header files can be included
in any order. But for portability, you should include &lt;curses.h&gt;
before &lt;term.h&gt;.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses says <EM>"may</EM> <EM>make</EM> <EM>visible"</EM> because including a header
file does not necessarily make all symbols in it visible (there are
ifdef's to consider).
For instance, in <EM>ncurses</EM> &lt;wchar.h&gt; <EM>may</EM> be included if the proper
symbol is defined, and if <EM>ncurses</EM> is configured for wide-character
support. If the header is included, its symbols may be made
visible. That depends on the value used for <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> feature
test macro.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses documents one required header, in a special case:
&lt;stdarg.h&gt; before &lt;curses.h&gt; to prototype the <STRONG>vw_printw</STRONG> and
<STRONG>vw_scanw</STRONG> functions (as well as the obsolete the <STRONG>vwprintw</STRONG> and
<STRONG>vwscanw</STRONG> functions). Each of those uses a <STRONG>va_list</STRONG> parameter.
The two obsolete functions were introduced in SVr3. The other
functions were introduced in X/Open Curses. In between, SVr4
curses provided for the possibility that an application might
include either &lt;varargs.h&gt; or &lt;stdarg.h&gt;. Initially, that was done
by using <STRONG>void*</STRONG> for the <STRONG>va_list</STRONG> parameter. Later, a special type
(defined in &lt;stdio.h&gt;) was introduced, to allow for compiler type-
checking. That special type is always available, because &lt;stdio.h&gt;
is always included by &lt;curses.h&gt;.
None of the X/Open Curses implementations require an application to
include &lt;stdarg.h&gt; before &lt;curses.h&gt; because they either have
allowed for a special type, or (like <EM>ncurses</EM>) include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;
directly to provide a portable interface.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></H2><PRE>
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Based on <EM>pcurses</EM>
by Pavel Curtis.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>
ncurses 6.4 2024-02-24 <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
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<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Effects-of-GUIs-and-Environment-Variables">Effects of GUIs and Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Naming-Conventions">Naming Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Wide-and-Non-wide-Character-Configurations">Wide and Non-wide Character Configurations</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Function-Name-Index">Function Name Index</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-CC-_command-character_">CC (command character)</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-BAUDRATE">BAUDRATE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-COLUMNS">COLUMNS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-ESCDELAY">ESCDELAY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-HOME">HOME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-LINES">LINES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-MOUSE_BUTTONS_123">MOUSE_BUTTONS_123</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS">NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2">NCURSES_CONSOLE2</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_GPM_TERMS">NCURSES_GPM_TERMS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS">NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE">NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_PADDING">NCURSES_NO_PADDING</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF">NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS">NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_TRACE">NCURSES_TRACE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERM">TERM</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMCAP">TERMCAP</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMINFO">TERMINFO</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMINFO_DIRS">TERMINFO_DIRS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMPATH">TERMPATH</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-ALTERNATE-CONFIGURATIONS">ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Error-Checking">Error Checking</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Padding-Differences">Padding Differences</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Header-Files">Header Files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
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