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<H1 class="no-header">ncurses 3x 2023-11-25 ncurses 6.4 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> - character-cell terminal interface with optimized output
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library routines give the user a terminal-independent
method of updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
This implementation is "new curses" (ncurses) and is the approved
replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.
This describes <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> version 6.4 (patch 20231125).
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library emulates the curses library of System V Release 4
Unix ("SVr4"), and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known
as XSI curses). XSI stands for X/Open System Interfaces Extension.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library is freely redistributable in source form.
<EM>ncurses</EM> man pages employ several sections to clarify matters of usage
and interoperability with other <EM>curses</EM> implementations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "NOTES" describes matters and caveats of which any user of the
<EM>ncurses</EM> API should be aware, such as limitations on the size of an
underlying integral type or the availability of a preprocessor
macro for a function (which prevents its address from being taken).
This section also describes implementation details that will be
significant to the programmer but which are not standardized.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "EXTENSIONS" presents <EM>ncurses</EM> innovations beyond the X/Open Curses
standard and/or the SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> implementation. They are termed
<EM>extensions</EM> to indicate that they cannot be implemented solely by
using the library API, but require access to the library's internal
state.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "PORTABILITY" discusses matters (beyond the exercise of extensions)
that should be considered when writing to a <EM>curses</EM> standard, or to
multiple implementations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "HISTORY" examines points of detail in <EM>ncurses</EM> and other <EM>curses</EM>
implementations over the decades of their development, particularly
where precedent or inertia have frustrated better design (and, in a
few cases, where such inertia has been overcome).
A program using these routines must be linked with the <STRONG>-lncurses</STRONG>
option, or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library
<STRONG>-lncurses_g</STRONG>. (Your system integrator may also have installed these
libraries under the names <STRONG>-lcurses</STRONG> and <STRONG>-lcurses_g</STRONG>.) The ncurses_g
library generates trace logs (in a file called "trace" in the current
directory) that describe curses actions. See also the section on
<STRONG>ALTERNATE</STRONG> <STRONG>CONFIGURATIONS</STRONG>.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> package supports: overall screen, window and pad
manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input;
control over terminal and <STRONG>curses</STRONG> input and output options; environment
query routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo
capabilities; and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></H3><PRE>
The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized.
That is normally done with <STRONG>setlocale(3)</STRONG>:
<STRONG>setlocale(LC_ALL,</STRONG> <STRONG>"");</STRONG>
If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that characters
are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs.
You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of
the library when the locale has not been setup.
The function <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> must be called to initialize the
library before any of the other routines that deal with windows and
screens are used. The routine <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">endwin(3x)</A></STRONG> must be called before
exiting.
To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most interactive,
screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence should be
used:
<STRONG>initscr();</STRONG> <STRONG>cbreak();</STRONG> <STRONG>noecho();</STRONG>
Most programs would additionally use the sequence:
<STRONG>intrflush(stdscr,</STRONG> <STRONG>FALSE);</STRONG>
<STRONG>keypad(stdscr,</STRONG> <STRONG>TRUE);</STRONG>
Before a <STRONG>curses</STRONG> program is run, the tab stops of the terminal should be
set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output. This
can be done by executing the <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>init</STRONG> command after the shell
environment variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> has been exported. (The BSD-style <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG>
utility also performs this function.) See subsection "Tabs and
Initialization" of <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Datatypes">Datatypes</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library permits manipulation of data structures, called
<EM>windows</EM>, which can be thought of as two-dimensional arrays of
characters representing all or part of a CRT screen. A default window
called <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, which is the size of the terminal screen, is supplied.
Others may be created with <STRONG>newwin</STRONG>.
Note that <STRONG>curses</STRONG> does not handle overlapping windows, that's done by
the <STRONG><A HREF="panel.3x.html">panel(3x)</A></STRONG> library. This means that you can either use <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> or
divide the screen into tiled windows and not using <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> at all.
Mixing the two will result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.
Windows are referred to by variables declared as <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG>. These data
structures are manipulated with routines described here and elsewhere
in the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> manual pages. Among those, the most basic routines are
<STRONG>move</STRONG> and <STRONG>addch</STRONG>. More general versions of these routines are included
with names beginning with <STRONG>w</STRONG>, allowing the user to specify a window.
The routines not beginning with <STRONG>w</STRONG> affect <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
After using routines to manipulate a window, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> is called,
telling <STRONG>curses</STRONG> to make the user's CRT screen look like <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>. The
characters in a window are actually of type <STRONG>chtype</STRONG>, (character and
attribute data) so that other information about the character may also
be stored with each character.
Special windows called <EM>pads</EM> may also be manipulated. These are windows
which are not constrained to the size of the screen and whose contents
need not be completely displayed. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG> for more
information.
In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video attributes and
colors may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such
modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that
support such display enhancements. Line drawing characters may be
specified to be output. On input, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> is also able to translate
arrow and function keys that transmit escape sequences into single
values. The video attributes, line drawing characters, and input
values use names, defined in <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>, such as <STRONG>A_REVERSE</STRONG>, <STRONG>ACS_HLINE</STRONG>,
and <STRONG>KEY_LEFT</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Environment-variables">Environment variables</a></H3><PRE>
If the environment variables <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> are set, or if the
program is executing in a window environment, line and column
information in the environment will override information read by
<EM>terminfo</EM>. This would affect a program running in an AT&amp;T 630 layer,
for example, where the size of a screen is changeable (see
<STRONG>ENVIRONMENT</STRONG>).
If the environment variable <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> is defined, any program using
<STRONG>curses</STRONG> checks for a local terminal definition before checking in the
standard place. For example, if <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> is set to <STRONG>att4424</STRONG>, then the
compiled terminal definition is found in
<STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424</STRONG>.
(The <STRONG>a</STRONG> is copied from the first letter of <STRONG>att4424</STRONG> to avoid creation of
huge directories.) However, if <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> is set to <STRONG>$HOME/myterms</STRONG>,
<STRONG>curses</STRONG> first checks
<STRONG>$HOME/myterms/a/att4424</STRONG>,
and if that fails, it then checks
<STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424</STRONG>.
This is useful for developing experimental definitions or when write
permission in <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG> is not available.
The integer variables <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLS</STRONG> are defined in <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG> and will
be filled in by <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> with the size of the screen. The constants
<STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> and <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> have the values <STRONG>1</STRONG> and <STRONG>0</STRONG>, respectively.
The <STRONG>curses</STRONG> routines also define the <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> variable <STRONG>curscr</STRONG> which is
used for certain low-level operations like clearing and redrawing a
screen containing garbage. The <STRONG>curscr</STRONG> can be used in only a few
routines.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Routine-and-Argument-Names">Routine and Argument Names</a></H3><PRE>
Many <STRONG>curses</STRONG> routines have two or more versions. The routines prefixed
with <EM>w</EM> require a window argument. The routines prefixed with <EM>p</EM> require
a pad argument. Those without a prefix generally use <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
The routines prefixed with <STRONG>mv</STRONG> require a <EM>y</EM> and <EM>x</EM> coordinate to move to
before performing the appropriate action. The <STRONG>mv</STRONG> routines imply a call
to <STRONG>move</STRONG> before the call to the other routine. The coordinate <EM>y</EM> always
refers to the row (of the window), and <EM>x</EM> always refers to the column.
The upper left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).
The routines prefixed with <STRONG>mvw</STRONG> take both a window argument and <EM>x</EM> and <EM>y</EM>
coordinates. The window argument is always specified before the
coordinates.
In each case, <EM>win</EM> is the window affected, and <EM>pad</EM> is the pad affected;
<EM>win</EM> and <EM>pad</EM> are always pointers to type <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>.
Option setting routines require a Boolean flag <EM>bf</EM> with the value <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>
or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>; <EM>bf</EM> is always of type <STRONG>bool</STRONG>. Most of the data types used in
the library routines, such as <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>, <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG>, <STRONG>bool</STRONG>, and <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> are
defined in <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>. Types used for the terminfo routines such as
<STRONG>TERMINAL</STRONG> are defined in <STRONG>&lt;term.h&gt;</STRONG>.
This manual page describes functions which may appear in any
configuration of the library. There are two common configurations of
the library:
<EM>ncurses</EM>
the "normal" library, which handles 8-bit characters. The
normal (8-bit) library stores characters combined with
attributes in <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> data.
Attributes alone (no corresponding character) may be stored in
<STRONG>chtype</STRONG> or the equivalent <STRONG>attr_t</STRONG> data. In either case, the data
is stored in something like an integer.
Each cell (row and column) in a <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> is stored as a <STRONG>chtype</STRONG>.
<EM>ncursesw</EM>
the so-called "wide" library, which handles multibyte
characters (see the section on <STRONG>ALTERNATE</STRONG> <STRONG>CONFIGURATIONS</STRONG>). The
"wide" library includes all of the calls from the "normal"
library. It adds about one third more calls using data types
which store multibyte characters:
<STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG>
corresponds to <STRONG>chtype</STRONG>. However it is a structure, because
more data is stored than can fit into an integer. The
characters are large enough to require a full integer
value - and there may be more than one character per cell.
The video attributes and color are stored in separate
fields of the structure.
Each cell (row and column) in a <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> is stored as a
<STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG>.
The <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">setcchar(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG> functions store and
retrieve the data from a <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> structure.
<STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG>
stores a "wide" character. Like <STRONG>chtype</STRONG>, this may be an
integer.
<STRONG>wint_t</STRONG>
stores a <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> or <STRONG>WEOF</STRONG> - not the same, though both may
have the same size.
The "wide" library provides new functions which are analogous
to functions in the "normal" library. There is a naming
convention which relates many of the normal/wide variants: a
"_w" is inserted into the name. For example, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> becomes
<STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Routine-Name-Index">Routine Name Index</a></H3><PRE>
The following table lists the <STRONG>curses</STRONG> routines provided in the "normal"
and "wide" libraries and the names of the manual pages on which they
are described. Routines flagged with "*" are ncurses-specific, not
described by XPG4 or present in SVr4.
<STRONG>curses</STRONG> Routine Name Manual Page Name
---------------------------------------------
COLOR_PAIR <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
PAIR_NUMBER <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
addchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
alloc_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
assume_default_colors <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>*
attr_get <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
baudrate <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
beep <STRONG><A HREF="curs_beep.3x.html">curs_beep(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgdset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgrndset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
border <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
border_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
box <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
box_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
can_change_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
cbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
chgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
clear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
clearok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
clrtobot <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
clrtoeol <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
color_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
color_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
copywin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
curs_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
curses_trace <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>*
curses_version <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG>*
def_prog_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
def_shell_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
define_key <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>*
del_curterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
delay_output <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
delch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
deleteln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
delscreen <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
delwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
derwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
doupdate <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
dupwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
echo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
echo_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
echochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
endwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
erase <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
erasechar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
erasewchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
exit_curses <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>*
exit_terminfo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_color_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_pair_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_slk_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>*
filter <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
find_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
flash <STRONG><A HREF="curs_beep.3x.html">curs_beep(3x)</A></STRONG>
flushinp <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
free_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
get_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
get_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getattrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbegx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getbegy <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getbegyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
getcchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>
getch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
getcurx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getcury <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxy <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getmouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getparx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getpary <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getparyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getsyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
getwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
getyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
halfdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_colors <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_ic <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_il <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_key <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>*
has_mouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
hline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
hline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
idcok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
idlok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
immedok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
inch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
inchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
inchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
init_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
init_extended_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
init_extended_pair <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
init_pair <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
initscr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
innstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
innwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
insch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
insdelln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
insertln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
insnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
insstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
instr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
intrflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
inwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
is_cbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_cleared <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_echo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_idcok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_idlok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_immedok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_keypad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_leaveok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_linetouched <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
is_nl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_nodelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_notimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_pad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_raw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_scrollok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_subwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_syncok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_term_resized <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_wintouched <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
isendwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
key_defined <STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>*
key_name <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
keybound <STRONG><A HREF="keybound.3x.html">keybound(3x)</A></STRONG>*
keyname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
keyok <STRONG><A HREF="keyok.3x.html">keyok(3x)</A></STRONG>*
keypad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
killchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
killwchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
leaveok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
longname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
mcprint <STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG>*
meta <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
mouse_trafo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
mouseinterval <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
mousemask <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
move <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvcur <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvderwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvhline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvhline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwhline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwhline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
napms <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
newpad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
newterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
newwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
nl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nocbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nodelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noecho <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nofilter <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>*
nonl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noqiflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noraw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
notimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
overlay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
overwrite <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
pair_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
pecho_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
pechochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
pnoutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
prefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
printw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
putp <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
putwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
qiflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
raw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
redrawwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
refresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
reset_color_pairs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
reset_prog_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
reset_shell_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
resetty <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
resize_term <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
resizeterm <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
restartterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
ripoffline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
savetty <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
scanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_dump <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_init <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_restore <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
scroll <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
scrollok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
set_curterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
set_term <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
setcchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>
setscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
setsyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
setupterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>*
slk_attr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_clear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_init <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_label <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_noutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_refresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_restore <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_touch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_wset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
standend <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
standout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
start_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
subpad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
subwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
syncok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
term_attrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
termattrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
termname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetent <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetflag <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetnum <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgoto <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetflag <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetnum <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
timeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
tiparm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tiparm_s <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>*
tiscan_s <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>*
touchline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
touchwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
tparm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
trace <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>*
typeahead <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
unctrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
unget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ungetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ungetmouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
untouchwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
use_default_colors <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_env <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
use_extended_names <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_legacy_coding <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_tioctl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>*
vid_attr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vid_puts <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vidattr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vidputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
vline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
vw_printw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vw_scanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vwprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vwscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_get <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgdset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgrndset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wborder <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
wborder_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
wchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclrtobot <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclrtoeol <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wcolor_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wcursyncup <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wdeleteln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
wecho_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wechochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wenclose <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
werase <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetparent <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
whline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
whline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
winchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsdelln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsertln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wmouse_trafo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wmove <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>
wnoutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wredrawln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wresize <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wscrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsetscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
wstandend <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wstandout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsyncdown <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsyncup <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wtimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
wtouchln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wunctrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
wvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
wvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
Depending on the configuration, additional sets of functions may be
available:
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses memory-leak checking
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses screen-pointer extension
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses thread support
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG> - curses debugging routines
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
Routines that return an integer return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and an integer
value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted
in the routine descriptions.
As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as
parameters, and handle this as an error.
All macros return the value of the <STRONG>w</STRONG> version, except <STRONG>setscrreg</STRONG>,
<STRONG>wsetscrreg</STRONG>, <STRONG>getyx</STRONG>, <STRONG>getbegyx</STRONG>, and <STRONG>getmaxyx</STRONG>. The return values of
<STRONG>setscrreg</STRONG>, <STRONG>wsetscrreg</STRONG>, <STRONG>getyx</STRONG>, <STRONG>getbegyx</STRONG>, and <STRONG>getmaxyx</STRONG> are undefined
(i.e., these should not be used as the right-hand side of assignment
statements).
Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor movement using
<STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if
the window pointer is null. Most "mv"-prefixed functions (except
variadic functions such as <STRONG>mvprintw</STRONG>) are provided both as macros and
functions.
Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a></H2><PRE>
The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the
runtime behavior of the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library. The most important ones have
been already discussed in detail.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-CC-command-character">CC command-character</a></H3><PRE>
When set, change occurrences of the command_character (i.e., the <STRONG>cmdch</STRONG>
capability) of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this
variable. Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.
Because this name is also used in development environments to represent
the C compiler's name, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> ignores it if it does not happen to be a
single character.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-BAUDRATE">BAUDRATE</a></H3><PRE>
The debugging library checks this environment variable when the
application has redirected output to a file. The variable's numeric
value is used for the baudrate. If no value is found, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> uses
9600. This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases that take
into account costs that depend on baudrate.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLUMNS">COLUMNS</a></H3><PRE>
Specify the width of the screen in characters. Applications running in
a windowing environment usually are able to obtain the width of the
window in which they are executing. If neither the <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> value nor
the terminal's screen size is available, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> uses the size which
may be specified in the terminfo database (i.e., the <STRONG>cols</STRONG> capability).
It is important that your application use a correct size for the
screen. This is not always possible because your application may be
running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window
Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user.
However, setting <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> and/or <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> overrides the library's use of
the screen size obtained from the operating system.
Either <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> or <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> symbols may be specified independently. This
is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal
descriptions, e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen.
For best results, <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>cols</STRONG> should not be specified in a terminal
description for terminals which are run as emulations.
Use the <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> function to disable all use of external environment
(but not including system calls) to determine the screen size. Use the
<STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> function to update <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> or <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> to match the screen size
obtained from system calls or the terminal database.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-ESCDELAY">ESCDELAY</a></H3><PRE>
Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses will await
a character sequence, e.g., a function key. The default value, 1000
milliseconds, is enough for most uses. However, it is made a variable
to accommodate unusual applications.
The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to
work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network. If the host cannot
read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if the
terminal did not send characters rapidly enough. The library will
still see a timeout.
Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences
received from the xterm. If your application makes heavy use of
multiple-clicking, you may wish to lengthen this default value because
the timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as well as the
individual clicks.
In addition to the environment variable, this implementation provides a
global variable with the same name. Portable applications should not
rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but setting the
environment variable rather than the global variable does not create
problems when compiling an application.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-HOME">HOME</a></H3><PRE>
Tells <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> where your home directory is. That is where it may read
and write auxiliary terminal descriptions:
$HOME/.termcap
$HOME/.terminfo
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-LINES">LINES</a></H3><PRE>
Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters. See
COLUMNS for a detailed description.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-MOUSE_BUTTONS_123">MOUSE_BUTTONS_123</a></H3><PRE>
This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies the order of
buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently
from other platforms:
1 = left
2 = right
3 = middle.
This variable lets you customize the mouse. The variable must be three
numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not
specified, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> uses 132.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS">NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS</a></H3><PRE>
Override the compiled-in assumption that the terminal's default colors
are white-on-black (see <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>). You may set the
foreground and background color values with this environment variable
by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background. For example, to
tell ncurses to not assume anything about the colors, set this to
"-1,-1". To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any positive
value from zero to the terminfo <STRONG>max_colors</STRONG> value is allowed.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2">NCURSES_CONSOLE2</a></H3><PRE>
This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses.
The <STRONG>Console2</STRONG> program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call
<STRONG>CreateConsoleScreenBuffer</STRONG> is defective. Applications which use this
will hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action of this call
by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring the original
screen contents. Setting the environment variable <STRONG>NCGDB</STRONG> has the same
effect.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_GPM_TERMS">NCURSES_GPM_TERMS</a></H3><PRE>
This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface.
If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal
names against which the <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> environment variable is matched. Setting
it to an empty value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in
support for xterm, etc.
If the environment variable is absent, ncurses will attempt to open GPM
if <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> contains "linux".
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS">NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</a></H3><PRE>
<STRONG>Ncurses</STRONG> may use tabs as part of the cursor movement optimization. In
some cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly. Set
this environment variable to disable the feature. You can also adjust
your <STRONG>stty(1)</STRONG> settings to avoid the problem.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE">NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</a></H3><PRE>
Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special
handling to make highlighting and other video attributes display
properly. You can suppress the highlighting entirely for these
terminals by setting this environment variable.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_PADDING">NCURSES_NO_PADDING</a></H3><PRE>
Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written
for real "hardware" terminals. Many people use terminal emulators
which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications.
Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the important aspects of a
hardware terminal, but they do not have the same limitations. The
chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your
application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing. Unless a
hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which
does flow control), it (or your application) must manage dataflow,
preventing overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware cost) is for
your program to do this by pausing after operations that the terminal
does slowly, such as clearing the display.
As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have
delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions, but not
want to pay the performance penalty.
Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but
mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special
control sequences such as <STRONG>flash</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF">NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</a></H3><PRE>
This setting is obsolete. Before changes
<STRONG>o</STRONG> started with 5.9 patch 20120825 and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> continued though 5.9 patch 20130126
<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> enabled buffered output during terminal initialization. This
was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons. For testing
purposes, both of <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> and certain applications, this feature was
made optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable disabled output
buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually line buffered)
mode.
In the current implementation, ncurses performs its own buffering and
does not require this workaround. It does not modify the buffering of
the standard output.
The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and
other signals more robust. One drawback is that certain
nonconventional programs would mix ordinary stdio calls with ncurses
calls and (usually) work. This is no longer possible since ncurses is
not using the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same
file descriptor). As a special case, the low-level calls such as <STRONG>putp</STRONG>
still use the standard output. But high-level curses calls do not.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS">NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</a></H3><PRE>
During initialization, the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library checks for special cases
where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding alternate character set
capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to be missing.
Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux console
emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these. Ncurses checks the
<STRONG>TERM</STRONG> environment variable for these. For other special cases, you
should set this environment variable. Doing this tells ncurses to use
Unicode values which correspond to the VT100 line-drawing glyphs. That
works for the special cases cited, and is likely to work for terminal
emulators.
When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value.
Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check for
"linux" and "screen".
As an alternative to the environment variable, ncurses checks for an
extended terminfo capability <STRONG>U8</STRONG>. This is a numeric capability which
can be compiled using <STRONG>tic</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>. For example
# linux console, if patched to provide working
# VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
U8#0, use=linux,
# uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
U8#1, use=xterm,
The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to permit it to be used
by applications that use ncurses' termcap interface.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_TRACE">NCURSES_TRACE</a></H3><PRE>
During initialization, the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> debugging library checks the
NCURSES_TRACE environment variable. If it is defined, to a numeric
value, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> calls the <STRONG>trace</STRONG> function, using that value as the
argument.
The argument values, which are defined in <STRONG>curses.h</STRONG>, provide several
types of information. When running with traces enabled, your
application will write the file <STRONG>trace</STRONG> to the current directory.
See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG> for more information.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERM">TERM</a></H3><PRE>
Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is distinct, though
many are similar.
<STRONG>TERM</STRONG> is commonly set by terminal emulators to help applications find a
workable terminal description. Some of those choose a popular
approximation, e.g., "ansi", "vt100", "xterm" rather than an exact fit.
Not infrequently, your application will have problems with that
approach, e.g., incorrect function-key definitions.
If you set <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> in your environment, it has no effect on the operation
of the terminal emulator. It only affects the way applications work
within the terminal. Likewise, as a general rule (<STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG> being a
rare exception), terminal emulators which allow you to specify <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> as
a parameter or configuration value do not change their behavior to
match that setting.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMCAP">TERMCAP</a></H3><PRE>
If the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library has been configured with <EM>termcap</EM> support,
<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if it
is not available in the terminfo database.
The <STRONG>TERMCAP</STRONG> environment variable contains either a terminal description
(with newlines stripped out), or a file name telling where the
information denoted by the <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> environment variable exists. In either
case, setting it directs <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> to ignore the usual place for this
information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMINFO">TERMINFO</a></H3><PRE>
<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases.
The <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> variable overrides the location for the default terminal
database. Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in
terminal databases:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Normally these are stored in a directory tree, using subdirectories
named by the first letter of the terminal names therein.
This is the scheme used in System V, which legacy Unix systems use,
and the <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> variable is used by <EM>curses</EM> applications on those
systems to override the default location of the terminal database.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> is built to use hashed databases, then each entry in
this list may be the path of a hashed database file, e.g.,
/usr/share/terminfo.db
rather than
/usr/share/terminfo/
The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster
than the directory tree. However, some applications assume the
existence of the directory tree, reading it directly rather than
using the terminfo library calls.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> is built with a support for reading termcap files
directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap
file.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If the <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> variable begins with "hex:" or "b64:", <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> uses
the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal description.
You might produce the base64 format using <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>:
TERMINFO="$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)"
export TERMINFO
The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal
identified by the <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> variable.
Setting <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> is the simplest, but not the only way to set location
of the default terminal database. The complete list of database
locations in order follows:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the last terminal database to which <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> wrote, if any, is
searched first
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the location specified by the TERMINFO environment variable
<STRONG>o</STRONG> $HOME/.terminfo
<STRONG>o</STRONG> locations listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable
<STRONG>o</STRONG> one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled
into the ncurses library, i.e.,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS
variable)
<STRONG>o</STRONG> /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO variable)
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMINFO_DIRS">TERMINFO_DIRS</a></H3><PRE>
Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions.
Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in the
section on the <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> variable. The list is separated by colons
(i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo; it is an
extension developed for <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMPATH">TERMPATH</a></H3><PRE>
If <STRONG>TERMCAP</STRONG> does not hold a file name then <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> checks the <STRONG>TERMPATH</STRONG>
environment variable. This is a list of filenames separated by spaces
or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
If the <STRONG>TERMPATH</STRONG> environment variable is not set, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> looks in the
files
/etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap,
in that order.
The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when
the current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses
setuid or setgid permissions:
$TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-ALTERNATE-CONFIGURATIONS">ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS</a></H2><PRE>
Several different configurations are possible, depending on the
configure script options used when building <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. There are a few
main options whose effects are visible to the applications developer
using <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>:
--disable-overwrite
The standard include for <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> is as noted in <STRONG>SYNOPSIS</STRONG>:
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> is
not the main implementation of curses of the computer. If <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a
subdirectory, e.g.,
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;ncurses/curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use
<STRONG>-lcurses</STRONG> to build executables.
--enable-widec
The configure script renames the library and (if the
<STRONG>--disable-overwrite</STRONG> option is used) puts the header files in a
different subdirectory. All of the library names have a "w"
appended to them, i.e., instead of
<STRONG>-lncurses</STRONG>
you link with
<STRONG>-lncursesw</STRONG>
You must also enable the wide-character features in the header
file when compiling for the wide-character library to use the
extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol which enables
these features has changed since XSI Curses, Issue 4:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol
<STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED</STRONG> but that was only valid for XPG4
(1996).
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Later, that was deemed conflicting with <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> defined
to 500.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> As of mid-2018, none of the features in this implementation
require a <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> feature greater than 600. However,
X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) recommends defining it to 700.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining
<STRONG>NCURSES_WIDECHAR</STRONG> with the caveat that some other header file
than <STRONG>curses.h</STRONG> may require a specific value for <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG>
(or a system-specific symbol).
The <STRONG>curses.h</STRONG> file which is installed for the wide-character
library is designed to be compatible with the normal library's
header. Only the size of the <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure differs, and very
few applications require more than a pointer to <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>s.
If the headers are installed allowing overwrite, the wide-
character library's headers should be installed last, to allow
applications to be built using either library from the same set of
headers.
--with-pthread
The configure script renames the library. All of the library
names have a "t" appended to them (before any "w" added by
<STRONG>--enable-widec</STRONG>).
The global variables such as <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> are replaced by macros to allow
read-only access. At the same time, setter-functions are provided
to set these values. Some applications (very few) may require
changes to work with this convention.
--with-shared
--with-normal
--with-debug
--with-profile
The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their
suffixes, e.g., <STRONG>libncurses.so</STRONG> and <STRONG>libncurses.a</STRONG>. The debug and
profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root names
respectively, e.g., <STRONG>libncurses_g.a</STRONG> and <STRONG>libncurses_p.a</STRONG>.
--with-termlib
Low-level functions which do not depend upon whether the library
supports wide-characters, are provided in the tinfo library.
By doing this, it is possible to share the tinfo library between
wide/normal configurations as well as reduce the size of the
library when only low-level functions are needed.
Those functions are described in these pages:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG> - miscellaneous curses extensions
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> input options
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG> - low-level <STRONG>curses</STRONG> routines
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> environment query routines
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> emulation of termcap
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> interfaces to terminfo database
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> - miscellaneous <STRONG>curses</STRONG> utility routines
--with-trace
The <STRONG>trace</STRONG> function normally resides in the debug library, but it
is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library.
Configure scripts should check for the function's existence rather
than assuming it is always in the debug library.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>/usr/share/tabset</EM>
tab stop initialization database
<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
compiled terminal capability database
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
If standard output from a <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> program is re-directed to something
which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error.
This was an undocumented feature of AT&amp;T System V Release 3 curses.
See subsection "Header files" below regarding symbols exposed by
inclusion of <EM>curses.h</EM>.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library can be compiled with an option (<STRONG>-DUSE_GETCAP</STRONG>) that
falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup
code cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to <STRONG>TERM</STRONG>. Use of this
feature is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire
termcap compiler in the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> startup code, at significant cost in
core and startup cycles.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on
certain terminals (including xterm). See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG> manual
page for details.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library includes facilities for responding to window
resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm. See the
<STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG> manual pages for details. In addition,
the library may be configured with a <STRONG>SIGWINCH</STRONG> handler.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library extends the fixed set of function key capabilities
of terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional
key sequences at runtime. See the <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>, and
<STRONG><A HREF="keyok.3x.html">keyok(3x)</A></STRONG> manual pages for details.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which
implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an
application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and
background colors. From the users' perspective, the application is
able to draw colored text on a background whose color is set
independently, providing better control over color contrasts. See the
<STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for details.
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library includes a function for directing application
output to a printer attached to the terminal device. See the
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for details.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with XSI
Curses. The EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality (including color
support) is supported.
A small number of local differences (that is, individual differences
between the XSI Curses and <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> calls) are described in <STRONG>PORTABILITY</STRONG>
sections of the library man pages.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Error-checking">Error checking</a></H3><PRE>
In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting
some of the SVr4 documentation.
Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as
pointers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null. The main
reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer
error. The standard interface does not provide a way for the library
to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected.
Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the
portability of curses applications.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Extensions-versus-portability">Extensions versus portability</a></H3><PRE>
Most of the extensions provided by ncurses have not been standardized.
Some have been incorporated into other implementations, such as
PDCurses or NetBSD curses. Here are a few to consider:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The routine <STRONG>has_key</STRONG> is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for details.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The routine <STRONG>slk_attr</STRONG> is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in
SVr4. See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for details.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The routines <STRONG>getmouse</STRONG>, <STRONG>mousemask</STRONG>, <STRONG>ungetmouse</STRONG>, <STRONG>mouseinterval</STRONG>, and
<STRONG>wenclose</STRONG> relating to mouse interfacing are not part of XPG4, nor
are they present in SVr4. See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for
details.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The routine <STRONG>mcprint</STRONG> was not present in any previous curses
implementation. See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for details.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The routine <STRONG>wresize</STRONG> is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
See the <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG> manual page for details.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from
application programs. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG> for the discussion of
<STRONG>is_scrollok</STRONG>, etc.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> This implementation can be configured to provide rudimentary
support for multi-threaded applications. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG> for
details.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> This implementation can also be configured to provide a set of
functions which improve the ability to manage multiple screens.
See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG> for details.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Padding-differences">Padding differences</a></H3><PRE>
In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities <STRONG>cr</STRONG>,
<STRONG>ind</STRONG>, <STRONG>cub1</STRONG>, <STRONG>ff</STRONG> and <STRONG>tab</STRONG> activated corresponding delay bits in the Unix
tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL
bytes. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the
interface to the Unix kernel significantly and increases the package's
portability correspondingly.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Header-files">Header files</a></H3><PRE>
The header file <EM>curses.h</EM> itself includes the header files <EM>stdio.h</EM> and
<EM>unctrl.h</EM>.
X/Open Curses has more to say, but does not finish the story:
The inclusion of &lt;curses.h&gt; may make visible all symbols from the
headers &lt;stdio.h&gt;, &lt;term.h&gt;, &lt;termios.h&gt;, and &lt;wchar.h&gt;.
Here is a more complete story:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Starting with BSD curses, all implementations have included
&lt;stdio.h&gt;.
BSD curses included &lt;curses.h&gt; and &lt;unctrl.h&gt; from an internal
header "curses.ext" ("ext" was a short name for <EM>externs</EM>).
BSD curses used &lt;stdio.h&gt; internally (for <STRONG>printw</STRONG> and <STRONG>scanw</STRONG>), but
nothing in &lt;curses.h&gt; itself relied upon &lt;stdio.h&gt;.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr2 curses added <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">newterm(3x)</A></STRONG>, which relies upon &lt;stdio.h&gt;. That
is, the function prototype uses <STRONG>FILE</STRONG>.
SVr4 curses added <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, which also use &lt;stdio.h&gt;.
X/Open Curses documents all three of these functions.
SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to
include &lt;stdio.h&gt; before including &lt;curses.h&gt;. Both document
curses showing &lt;curses.h&gt; as the only required header.
As a result, standard &lt;curses.h&gt; will always include &lt;stdio.h&gt;.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses is inconsistent with respect to SVr4 regarding
&lt;unctrl.h&gt;.
As noted in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>, ncurses includes &lt;unctrl.h&gt; from
&lt;curses.h&gt; (like SVr4).
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open's comments about &lt;term.h&gt; and &lt;termios.h&gt; may refer to HP-UX
and AIX:
HP-UX curses includes &lt;term.h&gt; from &lt;curses.h&gt; to declare <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>
in curses.h, but ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not.
AIX curses includes &lt;term.h&gt; and &lt;termios.h&gt;. Again, ncurses (and
Solaris curses) do not.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open says that &lt;curses.h&gt; <EM>may</EM> include &lt;term.h&gt;, but there is no
requirement that it do that.
Some programs use functions declared in both &lt;curses.h&gt; and
&lt;term.h&gt;, and must include both headers in the same module. Very
old versions of AIX curses required including &lt;curses.h&gt; before
including &lt;term.h&gt;.
Because ncurses header files include the headers needed to define
datatypes used in the headers, ncurses header files can be included
in any order. But for portability, you should include &lt;curses.h&gt;
before &lt;term.h&gt;.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses says <EM>"may</EM> <EM>make</EM> <EM>visible"</EM> because including a header
file does not necessarily make all symbols in it visible (there are
ifdef's to consider).
For instance, in ncurses &lt;wchar.h&gt; <EM>may</EM> be included if the proper
symbol is defined, and if ncurses is configured for wide-character
support. If the header is included, its symbols may be made
visible. That depends on the value used for <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> feature
test macro.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses documents one required header, in a special case:
&lt;stdarg.h&gt; before &lt;curses.h&gt; to prototype the <STRONG>vw_printw</STRONG> and
<STRONG>vw_scanw</STRONG> functions (as well as the obsolete the <STRONG>vwprintw</STRONG> and
<STRONG>vwscanw</STRONG> functions). Each of those uses a <STRONG>va_list</STRONG> parameter.
The two obsolete functions were introduced in SVr3. The other
functions were introduced in X/Open Curses. In between, SVr4
curses provided for the possibility that an application might
include either &lt;varargs.h&gt; or &lt;stdarg.h&gt;. Initially, that was done
by using <STRONG>void*</STRONG> for the <STRONG>va_list</STRONG> parameter. Later, a special type
(defined in &lt;stdio.h&gt;) was introduced, to allow for compiler type-
checking. That special type is always available, because &lt;stdio.h&gt;
is always included by &lt;curses.h&gt;.
None of the X/Open Curses implementations require an application to
include &lt;stdarg.h&gt; before &lt;curses.h&gt; because they either have
allowed for a special type, or (like ncurses) include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;
directly to provide a portable interface.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></H2><PRE>
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Based on <EM>pcurses</EM>
by Pavel Curtis.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> and related pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed
routine descriptions.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG> for user-defined capabilities
ncurses 6.4 2023-11-25 <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Datatypes">Datatypes</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Environment-variables">Environment variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Routine-and-Argument-Names">Routine and Argument Names</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Routine-Name-Index">Routine Name Index</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-CC-command-character">CC command-character</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-BAUDRATE">BAUDRATE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-COLUMNS">COLUMNS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-ESCDELAY">ESCDELAY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-HOME">HOME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-LINES">LINES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-MOUSE_BUTTONS_123">MOUSE_BUTTONS_123</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS">NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2">NCURSES_CONSOLE2</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_GPM_TERMS">NCURSES_GPM_TERMS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS">NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE">NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_PADDING">NCURSES_NO_PADDING</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF">NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS">NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_TRACE">NCURSES_TRACE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERM">TERM</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMCAP">TERMCAP</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMINFO">TERMINFO</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMINFO_DIRS">TERMINFO_DIRS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMPATH">TERMPATH</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-ALTERNATE-CONFIGURATIONS">ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Error-checking">Error checking</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Extensions-versus-portability">Extensions versus portability</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Padding-differences">Padding differences</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Header-files">Header files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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