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<H1 class="no-header">ncurses 3x 2025-04-05 ncurses 6.5 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> - character-cell terminal interface with optimized output
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
The "new curses" library offers the programmer a terminal-independent
means of reading keyboard and mouse input and writing to character-cell
displays with output optimized to minimize screen updates. <EM>ncurses</EM>
replaces the <EM>curses</EM> libraries from System V Release 4 Unix ("SVr4") and
4.4BSD Unix, the development of which ceased in the 1990s. This
document describes <EM>ncurses</EM> version 6.5 (patch 20250426).
<EM>ncurses</EM> permits control of the terminal screen's contents; abstraction
and subdivision thereof with <EM>windows</EM> and <EM>pads</EM>; acquisition of keyboard
and mouse events; selection of color and rendering attributes (such as
bold or underline); the definition and use of <EM>soft</EM> <EM>label</EM> keys; access
to the <EM>terminfo</EM> terminal capability database; a <EM>termcap</EM> compatibility
interface; and an abstraction of the system's API for manipulating the
terminal (such as <STRONG>termios(3)</STRONG>).
<EM>ncurses</EM> implements the interface described by X/Open Curses Issue 7.
In many behavioral details not standardized by X/Open, <EM>ncurses</EM> emulates
the <EM>curses</EM> library of SVr4 and provides numerous useful extensions.
<EM>ncurses</EM> man pages employ several sections to clarify matters of usage
and interoperability with other <EM>curses</EM> implementations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "NOTES" describes issues and caveats of which any user of the
<EM>ncurses</EM> API should be aware, such as limitations on the size of an
underlying integral type or the availability of a preprocessor
macro exclusive of a function definition (which prevents its
address from being taken). This section also describes
implementation details of significance to the programmer but which
are not standardized.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "EXTENSIONS" presents <EM>ncurses</EM> innovations beyond the X/Open Curses
standard and/or the SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> implementation. They are termed
<EM>extensions</EM> to indicate that they cannot be implemented solely by
using the library API, but require access to the library's internal
state.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "PORTABILITY" discusses matters (beyond the exercise of extensions)
that should be considered when writing to a <EM>curses</EM> standard, or for
multiple implementations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> "HISTORY" examines points of detail in <EM>ncurses</EM> and other <EM>curses</EM>
implementations over the decades of their development, particularly
where precedent or inertia have frustrated better design (and, in a
few cases, where such inertia has been overcome).
A <EM>curses</EM> application must be linked with the library; use the <STRONG>-lncurses</STRONG>
option to your compiler or linker. A debugging version of the library
may be available; if so, link with it using <STRONG>-lncurses_g</STRONG>. (Your system
integrator may have installed these libraries such that you can use the
options <STRONG>-lcurses</STRONG> and <STRONG>-lcurses_g</STRONG>, respectively.) The <EM>ncurses</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>g</EM> library
logs events describing <EM>ncurses</EM> actions to a file called <EM>trace</EM> in the
current directory. See section "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" below.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Application-Structure">Application Structure</a></H3><PRE>
A <EM>curses</EM> application uses information from the system locale;
<STRONG>setlocale(3)</STRONG> prepares it for <EM>curses</EM> library calls.
setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
If the locale is not thus initialized, the library assumes that
characters are printable as in ISO 8859-1, to work with certain legacy
programs. You should initialize the locale; do not expect consistent
behavior from the library when the locale has not been set up.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">initscr(3x)</A></STRONG> or <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">newterm(3x)</A></STRONG> must be called to initialize <EM>curses</EM> before
use of any functions that access or manipulate windows or screens.
To get character-at-a-time input without echoing -- most interactive,
screen-oriented programs want this -- use the following sequence.
initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();
Most applications would perform further setup as follows.
noqiflush();
keypad(stdscr, TRUE);
A <EM>curses</EM> program then often enters an event-handling loop. Call
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">endwin(3x)</A></STRONG> before exiting.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Overview">Overview</a></H3><PRE>
A <EM>curses</EM> library abstracts the terminal with a <EM>SCREEN</EM> data structure,
and represents all or part of its display with <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures.
Distinct properties apply to each; for example, the <EM>line</EM> <EM>discipline</EM> of
a typical Unix terminal driver is in one of three modes: raw, cbreak,
or canonical ("cooked"). In <EM>curses</EM>, the line discipline is a property
of the screen, applying identically to all windows associated with it.
A <EM>window</EM> is a rectangular grid of character cells, addressed by line
and column coordinates (<EM>y</EM>, <EM>x</EM>), with the upper left corner as (0, 0). A
window called <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, the same size as the terminal screen, is always
available. Create others with <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">newwin(3x)</A></STRONG>.
A <EM>curses</EM> library does not manage overlapping windows (but see below).
You can either use <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> to manage one screen-filling window, or tile
the screen into non-overlapping windows and not use <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> at all.
Mixing the two approaches will result in unpredictable and undesired
effects.
Functions permit manipulation of a window and the <EM>cursor</EM> identifying
the cell within it at which the next operation will occur. Among
those, the most basic are <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">move(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>: these place the
cursor within and write a character to <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, respectively.
Frequent changes to the terminal screen can cause unpleasant flicker or
inefficient use of the communication channel to the device, so as a
rule the library does not update it automatically. Therefore, after
using <EM>curses</EM> functions to accumulate a set of desired updates that make
sense to present together, call <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> to tell the library to make
the user's screen look like <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>. The library <EM>optimizes</EM> its output
by computing a minimal volume of operations to mutate the screen from
its state at the previous refresh to the new one. Effective
optimization demands accurate information about the terminal device:
the management of such information is the province of the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
API, a feature of every standard <EM>curses</EM> implementation.
Special windows called <EM>pads</EM> may also be manipulated. These are not
constrained to the size of the terminal screen and their contents need
not be completely displayed. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>.
Many terminals support configuration of character cell foreground and
background colors as well as <EM>attributes</EM>, which cause characters to
render in such modes as boldfaced, underlined, or in reverse video.
See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>curses</EM> predefines constants for a small set of forms-drawing graphics
corresponding to the DEC Alternate Character Set (ACS), a feature of
VT100 and other terminals. See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>curses</EM> is implemented using the operating system's terminal driver; key
events are received not as scan codes but as byte sequences. The
driver reports graphical keycaps (alphanumeric and punctuation keys,
and the space) as-is. Everything else, including the tab,
enter/return, keypad, arrow, and function keys, appears to <EM>curses</EM> as a
control character or a multibyte <EM>escape</EM> <EM>sequence.</EM> <EM>curses</EM> can translate
the latter into unique <EM>key</EM> <EM>codes.</EM> See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">keypad(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">getch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> provides reimplementations of the SVr4 <STRONG><A HREF="panel.3x.html">panel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="form.3x.html">form(3x)</A></STRONG>, and
<STRONG><A HREF="menu.3x.html">menu(3x)</A></STRONG> libraries; they permit overlapping windows and ease
construction of user interfaces with <EM>curses</EM>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></H3><PRE>
The selection of an appropriate value of <EM>TERM</EM> in the process
environment is essential to correct <EM>curses</EM> and <EM>terminfo</EM> library
operation. A well-configured system selects a correct <EM>TERM</EM> value
automatically; <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG> may assist with troubleshooting exotic
situations.
If you change the terminal type, export the shell's <EM>TERM</EM> variable, then
run <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG> or the "<STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>init</STRONG>" command. See subsection "Tabs and
Initialization" of <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>.
If the environment variables <EM>LINES</EM> and <EM>COLUMNS</EM> are set, or if the
<EM>curses</EM> program is executing in a graphical windowing environment, the
information obtained thence overrides that obtained by <EM>terminfo</EM>. An
<EM>ncurses</EM> extension supports resizable terminal displays; see
<STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>.
If the environment variable <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is defined, a <EM>curses</EM> program
checks first for a terminal type description in the location it
identifies. <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is useful for developing type descriptions or
when write permission to <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM> is not available.
See section "ENVIRONMENT" below.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Naming-Conventions">Naming Conventions</a></H3><PRE>
<EM>curses</EM> offers many functions in variant forms using a regular set of
alternatives to the name of an elemental one. Those prefixed with "w"
require a <EM>WINDOW</EM> pointer argument; those with a "mv" prefix first
perform cursor movement using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">wmove(3x)</A></STRONG>; a "mvw" prefix indicates both.
The "w" function is typically the elemental one; the removal of this
prefix usually indicates operation on <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
Four functions prefixed with "p" require a <EM>pad</EM> argument; see below.
In function synopses, <EM>ncurses</EM> man pages apply the following names to
parameters. We introduce the character types in the next subsection.
<EM>bf</EM> a <EM>bool</EM> (<STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>)
<EM>c</EM> a <EM>char</EM> or <EM>int</EM>
<EM>ch</EM> a <EM>chtype</EM>
<EM>wc</EM> a <EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> or <EM>wint</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM>
<EM>wch</EM> a <EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM>
<EM>win</EM> pointer to a <EM>WINDOW</EM>
<EM>pad</EM> pointer to a <EM>WINDOW</EM> that is a pad
<EM>pair</EM> a foreground/background color pair identifier
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Wide-and-Non-wide-Character-Configurations">Wide and Non-wide Character Configurations</a></H3><PRE>
This man page primarily surveys functions that appear in any
configuration of the library. There are two common configurations; see
section "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" below.
<EM>ncurses</EM> is the library in its "non-wide" configuration, handling only
eight-bit characters. It stores a character combined with
attributes and a color pair identifier in a <EM>chtype</EM> datum,
which is often an alias of <EM>int</EM>. A string of <EM>curses</EM>
characters is similar to a C <EM>char</EM> string; a <EM>chtype</EM> string
ends with an integral <STRONG>0</STRONG>, the null <EM>curses</EM> character.
Attributes and a color pair identifier (with no corresponding
character) can be stored in variables of <EM>chtype</EM> or <EM>attr</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM>
type. In either case, they are accessed via an integral bit
mask.
<EM>ncurses</EM> stores each cell of a <EM>WINDOW</EM> as a <EM>chtype</EM>. X/Open
Curses does not specify the sizes of the character code or
color pair identifier, nor the quantity of attribute bits, in
<EM>chtype</EM>; these are implementation-dependent. <EM>ncurses</EM> uses
eight bits for the character code. An application requiring
a wider character type, for instance to represent Unicode,
should use the wide-character API.
<EM>ncursesw</EM> is the library in its "wide" configuration, which handles
character encodings requiring a larger data type than <EM>char</EM> (a
byte-sized type) can represent. It provides additional
functions that complement those in the non-wide library where
the size of the underlying character type is significant. A
somewhat regular naming convention relates many of the wide
variants to their non-wide counterparts; where a non-wide
function name contains "ch" or "str", prefix it with "_w" to
obtain the wide counterpart. For example, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> becomes
<STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>. An exception is <STRONG>ins_nwstr</STRONG> (and its variants),
spelled thus instead of "insn_wstr". (Exceptions that add
only "w" comprise <STRONG>addwstr</STRONG>, <STRONG>inwstr</STRONG>, and their variants.)
This convention is inapplicable to some non-wide function
names, so other transformations are used for the wide
configuration: the window background management function
"bkgd" becomes "bkgrnd"; the window border-drawing and
-clearing functions are suffixed with "_set"; and character
attribute manipulation functions like "attron" become
"attr_on".
<EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> is a <EM>curses</EM> <EM>complex</EM> <EM>character</EM> and corresponds to the
non-wide configuration's <EM>chtype</EM>. It is a structure
type because it requires more storage than a
standard scalar type offers. A character code may
not be representable as a <EM>char</EM>, and moreover more
than one character may occupy a cell (as with accent
marks and other diacritics). Each character is of
type <EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM>; a complex character contains one
spacing character and zero or more non-spacing
characters (see below). A string of complex
characters ends with a <EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> whose <EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> member
is the null wide character. Attributes and a color
pair identifier are stored in separate fields of the
structure, not combined into an integer as in
<EM>chtype</EM>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> stores each cell of a <EM>WINDOW</EM> as a <EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM>.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">setcchar(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG> store and retrieve <EM>cchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM>
data.
The wide library API of <EM>ncurses</EM> depends on two data types
standardized by ISO C95.
<EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> stores a wide character. Like <EM>chtype</EM>, it may be an
alias of <EM>int</EM>. Depending on the character encoding,
a wide character may be <EM>spacing</EM>, meaning that it
occupies a character cell by itself and typically
accompanies cursor advancement, or <EM>non-spacing</EM>,
meaning that it occupies the same cell as a spacing
character, is often regarded as a "modifier" of the
base glyph with which it combines, and typically
does not advance the cursor.
<EM>wint</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> can store a <EM>wchar</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>t</EM> or the constant <EM>WEOF</EM>,
analogously to the <EM>int</EM>-sized character manipulation
functions of ISO C and its constant <EM>EOF</EM>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Function-Name-Index">Function Name Index</a></H3><PRE>
The following table lists the <EM>curses</EM> functions provided in the non-wide
and wide APIs and the corresponding man pages that describe them.
Those flagged with "*" are <EM>ncurses</EM>-specific, neither described by
X/Open Curses nor present in SVr4.
<EM>curses</EM> Function Name Man Page
---------------------------------------------
COLOR_PAIR <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
PAIR_NUMBER <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
add_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
addchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
addwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
alloc_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
assume_default_colors <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>*
attr_get <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
attrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
baudrate <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
beep <STRONG><A HREF="curs_beep.3x.html">curs_beep(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgdset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
bkgrndset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
border <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
border_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
box <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
box_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
can_change_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
cbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
chgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
clear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
clearok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
clrtobot <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
clrtoeol <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
color_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
color_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
copywin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
curs_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
curses_trace <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>*
curses_version <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG>*
def_prog_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
def_shell_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
define_key <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>*
del_curterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
delay_output <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
delch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
deleteln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
delscreen <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
delwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
derwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
doupdate <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
dupwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
echo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
echo_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
echochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
endwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
erase <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
erasechar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
erasewchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
exit_curses <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>*
exit_terminfo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_color_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_pair_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
extended_slk_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>*
filter <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
find_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
flash <STRONG><A HREF="curs_beep.3x.html">curs_beep(3x)</A></STRONG>
flushinp <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
free_pair <STRONG><A HREF="new_pair.3x.html">new_pair(3x)</A></STRONG>*
get_escdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>*
get_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
get_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getattrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbegx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getbegy <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getbegyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
getbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
getcchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>
getch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
getcurx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getcury <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxy <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getmaxyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getmouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getparx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getpary <STRONG><A HREF="curs_legacy.3x.html">curs_legacy(3x)</A></STRONG>*
getparyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
getstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
getsyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
getwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
getyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getyx.3x.html">curs_getyx(3x)</A></STRONG>
halfdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_colors <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_ic <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_il <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
has_key <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>*
has_mouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
hline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
hline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
idcok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
idlok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
immedok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
in_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
inch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
inchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
inchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
init_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
init_extended_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
init_extended_pair <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
init_pair <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
initscr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
innstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
innwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
insch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
insdelln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
insertln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
insnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
insstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
instr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
intrflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
inwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
is_cbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_cleared <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_echo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_idcok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_idlok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_immedok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_keypad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_leaveok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_linetouched <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
is_nl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_nodelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_notimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_pad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_raw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_scrollok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_subwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_syncok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_term_resized <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
is_wintouched <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
isendwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
key_defined <STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>*
key_name <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
keybound <STRONG><A HREF="keybound.3x.html">keybound(3x)</A></STRONG>*
keyname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
keyok <STRONG><A HREF="keyok.3x.html">keyok(3x)</A></STRONG>*
keypad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
killchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
killwchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
leaveok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
longname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
mcprint <STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG>*
meta <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
mouse_trafo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
mouseinterval <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
mousemask <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
move <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvaddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvcur <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvderwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvhline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvhline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvin_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvinwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwaddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwhline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwhline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwin_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwinwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
mvwvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
napms <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
newpad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
newterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
newwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
nl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nocbreak <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nodelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noecho <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
nofilter <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>*
nonl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noqiflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
noraw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
notimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
overlay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
overwrite <STRONG><A HREF="curs_overlay.3x.html">curs_overlay(3x)</A></STRONG>
pair_content <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
pecho_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
pechochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
pnoutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
prefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
printw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
putp <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
putwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
qiflush <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
raw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
redrawwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
refresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
reset_color_pairs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>*
reset_prog_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
reset_shell_mode <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
resetty <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
resize_term <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
resizeterm <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>*
restartterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
ripoffline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
savetty <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
scanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_dump <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_init <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_restore <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>
scrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
scroll <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
scrollok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
set_curterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
set_escdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>*
set_tabsize <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>*
set_term <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
setcchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>
setscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
setsyx <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>
setupterm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>*
slk_attr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_attrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_clear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_init <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_label <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_noutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_refresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_restore <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_touch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
slk_wset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>
standend <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
standout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
start_color <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
subpad <STRONG><A HREF="curs_pad.3x.html">curs_pad(3x)</A></STRONG>
subwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
syncok <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
term_attrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
termattrs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
termname <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetent <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetflag <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetnum <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tgoto <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetflag <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetnum <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tigetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
timeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
tiparm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tiparm_s <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>*
tiscan_s <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>*
touchline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
touchwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
tparm <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
tputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>
tputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
trace <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>*
typeahead <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
unctrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
unget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ungetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
ungetmouse <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
untouchwin <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
use_default_colors <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_env <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
use_extended_names <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_legacy_coding <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_screen <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_tioctl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>*
use_window <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>*
vid_attr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vid_puts <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vidattr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vidputs <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
vline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
vline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
vw_printw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vw_scanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vwprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
vwscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wadd_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addchstr.3x.html">curs_addchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addstr.3x.html">curs_addstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
waddwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_get <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_off <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_on <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattr_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattroff <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattron <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wattrset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgdset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wbkgrndset <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wborder <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
wborder_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
wchgat <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclear <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclrtobot <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wclrtoeol <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wcolor_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wcursyncup <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wdelch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_delch.3x.html">curs_delch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wdeleteln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
wecho_wchar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wechochar <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wenclose <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
werase <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>
wget_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wget_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetbkgrnd <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgrnd.3x.html">curs_bkgrnd(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetdelay <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetn_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wstr.3x.html">curs_get_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wgetparent <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">curs_opaque(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wgetstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getstr.3x.html">curs_getstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
whline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
whline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wch.3x.html">curs_in_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
win_wchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_in_wchstr.3x.html">curs_in_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>
winchnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winchstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inchstr.3x.html">curs_inchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winnwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_nwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_wch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wch.3x.html">curs_ins_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wins_wstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_ins_wstr.3x.html">curs_ins_wstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsch <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insch.3x.html">curs_insch(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsdelln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsertln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_deleteln.3x.html">curs_deleteln(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsnstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winsstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_insstr.3x.html">curs_insstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_instr.3x.html">curs_instr(3x)</A></STRONG>
winwstr <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inwstr.3x.html">curs_inwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wmouse_trafo <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wmove <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>
wnoutrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wprintw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">curs_printw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wredrawln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wrefresh <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
wresize <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>*
wscanw <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scanw.3x.html">curs_scanw(3x)</A></STRONG>
wscrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scroll.3x.html">curs_scroll(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsetscrreg <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
wstandend <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wstandout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsyncdown <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wsyncup <STRONG><A HREF="curs_window.3x.html">curs_window(3x)</A></STRONG>
wtimeout <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
wtouchln <STRONG><A HREF="curs_touch.3x.html">curs_touch(3x)</A></STRONG>
wunctrl <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
wvline <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border.3x.html">curs_border(3x)</A></STRONG>
wvline_set <STRONG><A HREF="curs_border_set.3x.html">curs_border_set(3x)</A></STRONG>
<EM>ncurses</EM>'s <EM>screen-pointer</EM> <EM>extension</EM> adds additional functions
corresponding to many of the above, each with an "_sp" suffix; see
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>.
The availability of some extensions is configurable when <EM>ncurses</EM> is
compiled; see sections "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" and "EXTENSIONS"
below.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
Unless otherwise noted, functions that return integers return the
constants <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success and <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on failure; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>.
Functions that return pointers return <EM>NULL</EM> on failure. Typically,
<EM>ncurses</EM> treats a null pointer passed as a function parameter as a
failure. Functions prefixed with "mv" first perform cursor movement
and fail if the position (<EM>y</EM>, <EM>x</EM>) is outside the window boundaries.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a></H2><PRE>
The following symbols from the process environment customize the
runtime behavior of <EM>ncurses</EM> applications. The library may be
configured to disregard the variables <EM>TERMINFO</EM>, <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM>,
<EM>TERMPATH</EM>, and <EM>HOME</EM>, if the user is the superuser (root), or the
application uses <STRONG>setuid(2)</STRONG> or <STRONG>setgid(2)</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-BAUDRATE"><EM>BAUDRATE</EM></a></H3><PRE>
The debugging library checks this variable when the application has
redirected output to a file. <EM>ncurses</EM> interprets its integral value as
the terminal's line speed in bits per second. If that value is absent
or invalid, <EM>ncurses</EM> uses 9600. This feature allows developers to
construct repeatable test cases that take into account optimization
decisions that depend on the terminal's line speed.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-CC-_command-character_"><EM>CC</EM> (command character)</a></H3><PRE>
When set, the <STRONG>command_character</STRONG> (<STRONG>cmdch</STRONG>) capability value of loaded
<EM>terminfo</EM> entries changes to the value of this variable. Very few <EM>term-</EM>
<EM>info</EM> entries provide this feature.
Because this name is also used in development environments to store the
C compiler's name, <EM>ncurses</EM> ignores its value if it is not one character
in length.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLUMNS"><EM>COLUMNS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This variable specifies the width of the screen in characters.
Applications running in a windowing environment usually are able to
obtain the width of the window in which they are executing. <EM>ncurses</EM>
enforces an upper limit of 512 when reading the value. If <EM>COLUMNS</EM> is
not defined and the terminal's screen size is not available from the
terminal driver, <EM>ncurses</EM> uses the size specified by the <STRONG>columns</STRONG> (<STRONG>cols</STRONG>)
capability of the terminal type's entry in the <EM>terminfo</EM> database, if
any.
It is important that your application use the correct screen size.
Automatic detection thereof is not always possible because an
application may be running on a host that does not honor NAWS
(Negotiations About Window Size) or as a different user ID than the
owner of the terminal device file. Setting <EM>COLUMNS</EM> and/or <EM>LINES</EM>
overrides the library's use of the screen size obtained from the
operating system.
The <EM>COLUMNS</EM> and <EM>LINES</EM> variables may be specified independently. This
property is useful to circumvent misfeatures of legacy terminal type
descriptions; <STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG> descriptions specifying 65 lines were once
notorious. For best results, avoid specifying <STRONG>cols</STRONG> and <STRONG>lines</STRONG>
capability codes in <EM>terminfo</EM> descriptions of terminal emulators.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">use_env(3x)</A></STRONG> can disable use of the process environment in determining
the screen size. <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">use_tioctl(3x)</A></STRONG> can update <EM>COLUMNS</EM> and <EM>LINES</EM> to match
the screen size obtained from system calls or the terminal database.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-ESCDELAY"><EM>ESCDELAY</EM></a></H3><PRE>
For <EM>curses</EM> to distinguish the ESC character resulting from a user's
press of the "Escape" key on the input device from one beginning an
<EM>escape</EM> <EM>sequence</EM> (as commonly produced by function keys), it waits after
receiving the escape character to see if further characters are
available on the input stream within a short interval. A global
variable <STRONG>ESCDELAY</STRONG> stores this interval in milliseconds. The default
value of 1000 (one second) is adequate for most uses. This environment
variable overrides it; <EM>ncurses</EM> enforces an upper limit of 30,000 (30
seconds) when reading the value.
The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to
work with a remote host over a slow communication channel. If the host
running a <EM>curses</EM> application does not receive the characters of an
escape sequence in a timely manner, the library can interpret them as
multiple key stroke events.
<STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG> mouse events are a form of escape sequence; therefore, if your
application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you may wish to
lengthen the default value because the delay applies to the composite
multi-click event as well as the individual clicks.
Portable applications should not rely upon the presence of <STRONG>ESCDELAY</STRONG> in
either form, but setting the environment variable rather than the
global variable does not create problems when compiling an application.
If <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">keypad(3x)</A></STRONG> is disabled for the <EM>curses</EM> window receiving input, a
program must disambiguate escape sequences itself.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-HOME"><EM>HOME</EM></a></H3><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> may read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions in <EM>.termcap</EM>
and <EM>.terminfo</EM> files in the user's home directory.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-LINES"><EM>LINES</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This counterpart to <EM>COLUMNS</EM> specifies the height of the screen in
characters. The corresponding <EM>terminfo</EM> capability and code is <STRONG>lines</STRONG>.
See the description of the <EM>COLUMNS</EM> variable above.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-MOUSE_BUTTONS_123"><EM>MOUSE_BUTTONS_123</EM></a></H3><PRE>
(OS/2 EMX port only) OS/2 numbers a three-button mouse inconsistently
with other platforms, such that 1 is the left button, 2 the right, and
3 the middle. This variable customizes the mouse button numbering.
Its value must be three digits 1-3 in any order. By default, <EM>ncurses</EM>
assumes a numbering of "132".
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS"><EM>NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
If set, this variable overrides the <EM>ncurses</EM> library's compiled-in
assumption that the terminal's default colors are white on black; see
<STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>. Set the foreground and background color values
with this environment variable by assigning it two integer values
separated by a comma, indicating foregound and background color
numbers, respectively.
For example, to tell <EM>ncurses</EM> not to assume anything about the colors,
use a value of "-1,-1". To make the default color scheme green on
black, use "2,0". <EM>ncurses</EM> accepts integral values from -1 up to the
value of the <EM>terminfo</EM> <STRONG>max_colors</STRONG> (<STRONG>colors</STRONG>) capability.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2"><EM>NCURSES_CONSOLE2</EM></a></H3><PRE>
(MinGW port only) The <EM>Console2</EM> program defectively handles the
Microsoft Console API call <EM>CreateConsoleScreenBuffer</EM>. Applications
that use it will hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action
of this call by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring
the original screen contents. Setting the environment variable <EM>NCGDB</EM>
has the same effect.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_GPM_TERMS"><EM>NCURSES_GPM_TERMS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
(Linux only) When <EM>ncurses</EM> is configured to use the GPM interface, this
variable may list one or more terminal type names, delimited by
vertical bars (<STRONG>|</STRONG>) or colons (<STRONG>:</STRONG>), against which the <EM>TERM</EM> variable (see
below) is matched. An empty value disables the GPM interface, using
<EM>ncurses</EM>'s built-in support for <STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG> mouse protocols instead. If
the variable is absent, <EM>ncurses</EM> attempts to open GPM if <EM>TERM</EM> contains
"linux".
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS"><EM>NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> may use tab characters in cursor movement optimization. In
some cases, your terminal driver may not handle them properly. Set
this environment variable to any value to disable the feature. You can
also adjust your <STRONG>stty(1)</STRONG> settings to avoid the problem.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE"><EM>NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Many terminals store video attributes as a property of a character
cell, as <EM>curses</EM> does. Historically, some recorded changes in video
attributes as data that logically <EM>occupies</EM> character cells on the
display, switching attributes on or off, similarly to tags in a markup
language; these are termed "magic cookies", and must be subsequently
overprinted. If the <EM>terminfo</EM> entry for your terminal type does not
adequately describe its handling of magic cookies, set this variable to
any value to instruct <EM>ncurses</EM> to disable attributes entirely.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_PADDING"><EM>NCURSES_NO_PADDING</EM></a></H3><PRE>
Most terminal type descriptions in the <EM>terminfo</EM> database detail
hardware devices. Many people use <EM>curses</EM>-based applications in
terminal emulator programs that run in a windowing environment. These
programs can duplicate all of the important features of a hardware
terminal, but often lack their limitations. Chief among these absent
drawbacks is the problem of data flow management; that is, limiting the
speed of communication to what the hardware could handle. Unless a
hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which
does flow control), an application must manage flow itself to prevent
overruns and data loss.
A solution that comes at no hardware cost is for an application to
pause after directing a terminal to execute an operation that it
performs slowly, such as clearing the display. Many terminal type
descriptions, including that for the VT100, embed delay specifications
in capabilities. You may wish to use these terminal descriptions
without paying the performance penalty. Set <EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>NO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>PADDING</EM> to any
value to disable all but mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used
by such terminal capabilities as <STRONG>flash_screen</STRONG> (<STRONG>flash</STRONG>).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF"><EM>NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</EM></a></H3><PRE>
(Obsolete) Prior to internal changes developed in <EM>ncurses</EM> 5.9 (patches
20120825 through 20130126), the library used <STRONG>setbuf(3)</STRONG> to enable fully
buffered output when initializing the terminal. This was done, as in
SVr4 <EM>curses</EM>, to increase performance. For testing purposes, both of
<EM>ncurses</EM> and of certain applications, this feature was made optional.
Setting this variable disabled output buffering, leaving the output
stream in the original (usually line-buffered) mode.
Nowadays, <EM>ncurses</EM> performs its own buffering and does not require this
workaround; it does not modify the buffering of the standard output
stream. This approach makes signal handling, as for interrupts, more
robust. A drawback is that certain unconventional programs mixed
<STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG> calls with <EM>ncurses</EM> calls and (usually) got the behavior they
expected. This is no longer the case; <EM>ncurses</EM> does not write to the
standard output file descriptor through a <EM>stdio</EM>-buffered stream.
As a special case, low-level API calls such as <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">putp(3x)</A></STRONG> still use the
standard output stream. High-level <EM>curses</EM> calls such as <STRONG><A HREF="curs_printw.3x.html">printw(3x)</A></STRONG> do
not.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS"><EM>NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
At initialization, <EM>ncurses</EM> inspects the <EM>TERM</EM> environment variable for
special cases where VT100 forms-drawing characters (and the
corresponding alternate character set <EM>terminfo</EM> capabilities) are known
to be unsupported by terminal types that otherwise claim VT100
compatibility. Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux
virtual console device and the GNU <STRONG>screen(1)</STRONG> program ignore them. Set
this variable to a nonzero value to instruct <EM>ncurses</EM> that the
terminal's ACS support is broken; the library then outputs Unicode code
points that correspond to the forms-drawing characters. Set it to zero
(or a non-integer) to disable the special check for terminal type names
matching "linux" or "screen", directing <EM>ncurses</EM> to assume that the ACS
feature works if the terminal type description advertises it.
As an alternative to use of this variable, <EM>ncurses</EM> checks for an
extended <EM>terminfo</EM> numeric capability <STRONG>U8</STRONG> that can be compiled using "<STRONG>tic</STRONG>
<STRONG>-x</STRONG>". Examples follow.
# linux console, if patched to provide working
# VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
U8#0, use=linux,
# uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
U8#1, use=xterm,
The two-character name "U8" was chosen to permit its use via <EM>ncurses</EM>'s
<EM>termcap</EM> interface.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-NCURSES_TRACE"><EM>NCURSES_TRACE</EM></a></H3><PRE>
At initialization, <EM>ncurses</EM> (in its debugging configuration) checks for
this variable's presence. If defined with an integral value, the
library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curses_trace(3x)</A></STRONG> with that value as the argument.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERM"><EM>TERM</EM></a></H3><PRE>
The <EM>TERM</EM> variable denotes the terminal type. Each is distinct, though
many are similar. It is commonly set by terminal emulators to help
applications find a workable terminal description. Some choose a
popular approximation such as "ansi", "vt100", or "xterm" rather than
an exact fit to their capabilities. Not infrequently, an application
will have problems with that approach; for example, a key stroke may
not operate correctly, or produce no effect but seeming garbage
characters on the screen.
Setting <EM>TERM</EM> has no effect on hardware operation; it affects the way
applications communicate with the terminal. Likewise, as a general
rule (<STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG> being a rare exception), terminal emulators that allow
you to specify <EM>TERM</EM> as a parameter or configuration value do not change
their behavior to match that setting.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMCAP"><EM>TERMCAP</EM></a></H3><PRE>
If <EM>ncurses</EM> is configured with <EM>termcap</EM> support, it checks for a terminal
type description in <EM>termcap</EM> format if one in <EM>terminfo</EM> format is not
available. Setting this variable directs <EM>ncurses</EM> to ignore the usual
<EM>termcap</EM> database location, <EM>/etc/termcap</EM>; see <EM>TERMPATH</EM> below. <EM>TERMCAP</EM>
should contain either a terminal description (with newlines stripped
out), or a file name indicating where the information required by the
<EM>TERM</EM> environment variable is stored.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMINFO"><EM>TERMINFO</EM></a></H3><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> can be configured to read terminal type description databases
in various locations using different formats. This variable overrides
the default location.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Descriptions in <EM>terminfo</EM> format are normally stored in a directory
tree using subdirectories named for the common first letters of the
terminal types named therein. System V used this scheme.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>ncurses</EM> is configured to use hashed databases, then <EM>TERMINFO</EM> may
name its location, such as <EM>/usr/share/terminfo.db</EM>, rather than
<EM>/usr/share/terminfo/</EM>.
The hashed database uses less disk space and is a little faster than
the directory tree. However, some applications assume the existence of
the directory tree, and read it directly rather than using the <EM>terminfo</EM>
API.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>ncurses</EM> is configured with <EM>termcap</EM> support, this variable may
contain the location of a <EM>termcap</EM> file.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If the value of <EM>TERMINFO</EM> begins with "hex:" or "b64:", <EM>ncurses</EM> uses
the remainder of the value as a compiled <EM>terminfo</EM> description. You
might produce the base64 format using <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>.
TERMINFO=$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)
export TERMINFO
<EM>ncurses</EM> uses the compiled description only if it corresponds to the
terminal type identified by <EM>TERM</EM>.
Setting <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is the simplest, but not the only, way to direct
<EM>ncurses</EM> to a terminal database. The search path is as follows.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the last terminal database to which the running <EM>ncurses</EM> application
wrote, if any
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the location specified by the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> environment variable
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>
<STRONG>o</STRONG> locations listed in the <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> environment variable
<STRONG>o</STRONG> location(s) configured and compiled into <EM>ncurses</EM>
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMINFO_DIRS"><EM>TERMINFO_DIRS</EM></a></H3><PRE>
This variable specifies a list of locations, akin to <EM>PATH</EM>, in which
<EM>ncurses</EM> searches for the terminal type descriptions described by
<EM>TERMINFO</EM> above. The list items are separated by colons on Unix and
semicolons on OS/2 EMX. System V <EM>terminfo</EM> lacks a corresponding
feature; <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> is an <EM>ncurses</EM> extension.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TERMPATH"><EM>TERMPATH</EM></a></H3><PRE>
If <EM>TERMCAP</EM> does not hold a terminal type description or file name, then
<EM>ncurses</EM> checks the contents of <EM>TERMPATH</EM>, a list of locations, akin to
<EM>PATH</EM>, in which it searches for <EM>termcap</EM> terminal type descriptions. The
list items are separated by colons on Unix and semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
If both <EM>TERMCAP</EM> and <EM>TERMPATH</EM> are unset or invalid, <EM>ncurses</EM> searches for
the files <EM>/etc/termcap</EM>, <EM>/usr/share/misc/termcap</EM>, and <EM>$HOME/.termcap</EM>, in
that order.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-ALTERNATE-CONFIGURATIONS">ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS</a></H2><PRE>
Many different <EM>ncurses</EM> configurations are possible, determined by the
options given to the <EM>configure</EM> script when building the library. Run
the script with the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to peruse them all. A few are of
particular significance to the application developer employing <EM>ncurses</EM>.
<STRONG>--disable-overwrite</STRONG>
The standard C preprocessor inclusion for the <EM>curses</EM> library is as
follows.
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
This option is used to avoid file name conflicts between <EM>ncurses</EM>
and an existing <EM>curses</EM> installation on the system. If <EM>ncurses</EM> is
installed disabling overwrite, it puts its header files in a
subdirectory. Here is an example.
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;ncurses/curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
Installation also omits a symbolic link that would cause the
compiler's <STRONG>-lcurses</STRONG> option to link object files with <EM>ncurses</EM>
instead of the system <EM>curses</EM> library.
The directory used by this configuration of <EM>ncurses</EM> is shown in
section "SYNOPSIS" above.
<STRONG>--enable-widec</STRONG>
The configure script renames the library and (if the
<STRONG>--disable-overwrite</STRONG> option is used) puts the header files in a
different subdirectory. All of the library names have a "w"
appended to them, i.e., instead of
<STRONG>-lncurses</STRONG>
you link with
<STRONG>-lncursesw</STRONG>
You must also enable the wide-character features in the header
file when compiling for the wide-character library to use the
extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol which enables
these features has changed since X/Open Curses Issue 4:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol
<STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED</STRONG> but that was only valid for XPG4
(1996).
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Later, that was deemed conflicting with an <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> value
of 500.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> As of mid-2018, none of the features in this implementation
require a <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> feature greater than 600. However,
X/Open Curses Issue 7 (2009) recommends defining it to 700.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining
<STRONG>NCURSES_WIDECHAR</STRONG> with the caveat that some header file other
than <EM>curses.h</EM> may require a specific value for <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG>
(or a system-specific symbol).
The <EM>curses.h</EM> header file installed for the wide-character library
is designed to be compatible with the non-wide library's header.
Only the size of the <EM>WINDOW</EM> structure differs; few applications
require more than pointers to <EM>WINDOW</EM>.
If the headers are installed allowing overwrite, the wide-
character library's headers should be installed last, to allow
applications to be built using either library from the same set of
headers.
<STRONG>--with-pthread</STRONG>
The configure script renames the library. All of the library
names have a "t" appended to them (before any "w" added by
<STRONG>--enable-widec</STRONG>).
<EM>ncursest</EM> and <EM>ncursestw</EM> replace global variables such as <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> with
macros allowing read-only access. At the same time, they provide
functions to set these values. Very few applications require
changes to work with this convention.
<STRONG>--with-shared</STRONG>
<STRONG>--with-normal</STRONG>
<STRONG>--with-debug</STRONG>
<STRONG>--with-profile</STRONG>
The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their
suffixes, e.g., <EM>libncurses.so</EM> and <EM>libncurses.a</EM>. The debug and
profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the roots of these
respective names, forming <EM>libncurses</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>g.so</EM> and <EM>libncurses</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>p.a</EM>, for
example.
<STRONG>--with-termlib</STRONG>
This option configures <EM>ncurses</EM> to provide low-level functions that
do not depend upon wide-character support in a library names
<EM>tinfo</EM>.
This arrangement enables <EM>tinfo</EM> to be shared between <EM>ncurses</EM> and
<EM>ncursesw</EM> libraries as well as application linking and/or loading
times when it requires only low-level functions.
The following pages describe low-level <EM>curses</EM> functions.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">curs_extend(3x)</A></STRONG> - miscellaneous <EM>curses</EM> extensions
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> input options
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG> - low-level <EM>curses</EM> routines
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">curs_termattrs(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> environment query routines
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> emulation of <EM>termcap</EM>
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG> - <EM>curses</EM> interface to <EM>terminfo</EM> database
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> - miscellaneous <EM>curses</EM> utility routines
<STRONG>--with-trace</STRONG>
The <STRONG>trace</STRONG> function normally resides in the debug library, but it
is sometimes useful to expose it in the shared or static library.
Configuration scripts should check for the function's existence
rather than assuming it is confined to the debug library.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>/usr/share/tabset</EM>
tab stop initialization database
<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
compiled terminal capability database
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
X/Open Curses permits most functions it specifies to be made available
as macros as well. <EM>ncurses</EM> does so
<STRONG>o</STRONG> for functions that return values via their parameters,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> to support obsolete features,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> to reuse functions (for example, those that move the cursor before
another operation), and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> in a few special cases.
If the standard output file descriptor of an <EM>ncurses</EM> program is
redirected to something that is not a terminal device, the library
writes screen updates to the standard error file descriptor. This was
an undocumented feature of SVr3 <EM>curses</EM>.
See subsection "Header Files" below regarding symbols exposed by
inclusion of <EM>curses.h</EM>.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> enables an application to capture mouse events on certain
terminals, including <STRONG>xterm(1)</STRONG>; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> provides a means of responding to window resizing events, as
when running in a GUI terminal emulator application such as <EM>xterm</EM>; see
<STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="wresize.3x.html">wresize(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> allows an application to query the terminal for the presence of
a wide variety of special keys; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">has_key(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> extends the fixed set of function key capabilities specified by
X/Open Curses by allowing the application programmer to define
additional key events at runtime; see <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="keybound.3x.html">keybound(3x)</A></STRONG>, and <STRONG><A HREF="keyok.3x.html">keyok(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> can exploit the capabilities of terminals implementing
ISO 6429/ECMA-48 SGR 39 and SGR 49 sequences, which allow an
application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and
background colors. From a user's perspective, the application is able
to draw colored text on a background whose color is set independently,
providing better control over color contrasts. See <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>.
An <EM>ncurses</EM> application can eschew knowledge of <EM>SCREEN</EM> and <EM>WINDOW</EM>
structure internals, instead using accessor functions such as
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">is_cbreak(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_opaque.3x.html">is_scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> enables an application to direct its output to a printer
attached to the terminal device; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_print.3x.html">curs_print(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> offers <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">slk_attr(3x)</A></STRONG> as a counterpart of <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">attr_get(3x)</A></STRONG> for soft-
label key lines, and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">extended_slk_color(3x)</A></STRONG> as a form of <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">slk_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
that can gather color information from them when many colors are
supported.
<EM>ncurses</EM> permits modification of <STRONG><A HREF="unctrl.3x.html">unctrl(3x)</A></STRONG>'s behavior; see
<STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">use_legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>.
Rudimentary support for multi-threaded applications may be available;
see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_threads.3x.html">curs_threads(3x)</A></STRONG>.
Functions that ease the management of multiple screens can be exposed;
see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>.
To aid applications to debug their memory usage, <EM>ncurses</EM> optionally
offers functions to more aggressively free memory it dynamically
allocates itself; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_memleaks.3x.html">curs_memleaks(3x)</A></STRONG>.
The library facilitates auditing and troubleshooting of its behavior;
see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_trace.3x.html">curs_trace(3x)</A></STRONG>.
Compiling <EM>ncurses</EM> with the option <STRONG>-DUSE_GETCAP</STRONG> causes it to fall back
to reading <EM>/etc/termcap</EM> if the terminal setup code cannot find a <EM>term-</EM>
<EM>info</EM> entry corresponding to <EM>TERM</EM>. Use of this feature is not
recommended, as it essentially includes an entire <EM>termcap</EM> compiler in
the <EM>ncurses</EM> startup code, at a cost in memory usage and application
launch latency.
<EM>PDCurses</EM> and NetBSD <EM>curses</EM> incorporate some <EM>ncurses</EM> extensions.
Individual man pages indicate where this is the case.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
X/Open Curses defines two levels of conformance, "base" and "enhanced".
The latter includes several additional features, such as wide-character
and color support. <EM>ncurses</EM> intends base-level conformance with X/Open
Curses, and supports all features of its enhanced level except the
<EM>untic</EM> utility.
Differences between X/Open Curses and <EM>ncurses</EM> are documented in the
"PORTABILITY" sections of applicable man pages.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Error-Checking">Error Checking</a></H3><PRE>
In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting
some of the SVr4 documentation.
Unlike other implementations, <EM>ncurses</EM> checks pointer parameters, such
as those to <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures, to ensure that they are not null. This
is done primarily to guard against programmer error. The standard
interface does not provide a way for the library to tell an application
which of several possible errors occurred. An application that relies
on <EM>ncurses</EM> to check its function parameters for validity limits its
portability and robustness.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Padding-Differences">Padding Differences</a></H3><PRE>
In historical <EM>curses</EM> implementations, delays embedded in the <EM>terminfo</EM>
capabilities <STRONG>carriage_return</STRONG> (<STRONG>cr</STRONG>), <STRONG>scroll_forward</STRONG> (<STRONG>ind</STRONG>), <STRONG>cursor_left</STRONG>
(<STRONG>cub1</STRONG>), <STRONG>form_feed</STRONG> (<STRONG>ff</STRONG>), and <STRONG>tab</STRONG> (<STRONG>ht</STRONG>) activated corresponding delay bits
in the Unix terminal driver. <EM>ncurses</EM> performs all padding by sending
NUL bytes to the device. This method is slightly more expensive, but
narrows the interface to the Unix kernel significantly and
correspondingly increases the package's portability.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Header-Files">Header Files</a></H3><PRE>
The header file <EM>curses.h</EM> itself includes the header files <EM>stdio.h</EM> and
<EM>unctrl.h</EM>.
X/Open Curses has more to say,
The inclusion of <EM>curses.h</EM> may make visible all symbols from the
headers <EM>stdio.h</EM>, <EM>term.h</EM>, <EM>termios.h</EM>, and <EM>wchar.h</EM>.
but does not finish the story. A more complete account follows.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The first <EM>curses</EM>, in 4BSD, provided a <EM>curses.h</EM> file.
BSD <EM>curses</EM> code included <EM>curses.h</EM> and <EM>unctrl.h</EM> from an internal
header file <EM>curses.ext</EM>, where "ext" abbreviated "externs".
The implementations of <EM>printw</EM> and <EM>scanw</EM> used undocumented internal
functions of the standard I/O library (<STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>doprnt</EM> and <STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>doscan</EM>), but
nothing in <EM>curses.h</EM> itself relied upon <EM>stdio.h</EM>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr2 <EM>curses</EM> added <EM>newterm</EM>, which relies upon <EM>stdio.h</EM> because its
function prototype employs the <EM>FILE</EM> type.
SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> added <EM>putwin</EM> and <EM>getwin</EM>, which also use <EM>stdio.h</EM>.
X/Open Curses specifies all three of these functions.
SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to
include <EM>stdio.h</EM> before <EM>curses.h</EM>. Both document use of <EM>curses</EM> as
requiring only <EM>curses.h</EM>.
As a result, standard <EM>curses.h</EM> always includes <EM>stdio.h</EM>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses and SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> are inconsistent with respect to
<EM>unctrl.h</EM>.
As noted in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>, <EM>ncurses</EM> includes <EM>unctrl.h</EM> from <EM>curses.h</EM>
(as SVr4 does).
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses's comments about <EM>term.h</EM> and <EM>termios.h</EM> may refer to
HP-UX and AIX.
HP-UX <EM>curses</EM> includes <EM>term.h</EM> from <EM>curses.h</EM> to declare <EM>setupterm</EM> in
<EM>curses.h</EM>, but <EM>ncurses</EM> and Solaris <EM>curses</EM> do not.
AIX <EM>curses</EM> includes <EM>term.h</EM> and <EM>termios.h</EM>. Again, <EM>ncurses</EM> and
Solaris <EM>curses</EM> do not.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses says that <EM>curses.h</EM> <STRONG>may</STRONG> include <EM>term.h</EM>, but does not
require it to do so.
Some programs use functions declared in both <EM>curses.h</EM> and <EM>term.h</EM>,
and must include both header files in the same module. Very old
versions of AIX <EM>curses</EM> required inclusion of <EM>curses.h</EM> before
<EM>term.h</EM>.
The header files supplied by <EM>ncurses</EM> include the standard library
headers required for its declarations, so <EM>ncurses</EM>'s own header
files can be included in any order. For portability even to old
AIX systems, include <EM>curses.h</EM> before <EM>term.h</EM>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses says "may make visible" because including a header
file does not necessarily make visible all of the symbols in it
(consider <STRONG>#ifdef</STRONG> and similar).
For instance, <EM>ncurses</EM>'s <EM>curses.h</EM> <STRONG>may</STRONG> include <EM>wchar.h</EM> if the proper
symbol is defined, and if <EM>ncurses</EM> is configured for wide-character
support. If <EM>wchar.h</EM> is included, its symbols <STRONG>may</STRONG> be made visible
depending on the value of the <STRONG>_XOPEN_SOURCE</STRONG> feature test macro.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses mandates an application's inclusion of one standard C
library header in a special case: <EM>stdarg.h</EM> before <EM>curses.h</EM> to
prototype the functions <EM>vw</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>printw</EM> and <EM>vw</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>scanw</EM> (as well as the
obsolete <EM>vwprintw</EM> and <EM>vwscanw</EM>). Each of these takes a variadic
argument list, a <EM>va</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>list</EM> parameter, like that of <STRONG>printf(3)</STRONG>.
SVr3 <EM>curses</EM> introduced the two obsolete functions, and X/Open
Curses the others. In between, SVr4 <EM>curses</EM> provided for the
possibility that an application might include either <EM>varargs.h</EM> or
<EM>stdarg.h</EM>. These represented contrasting approaches to handling
variadic argument lists. The older interface, <EM>varargs.h</EM>, used a
pointer to <EM>char</EM> for variadic functions' <EM>va</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>list</EM> parameter. Later,
the list acquired its own standard data type, <EM>va</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>list</EM>, defined in
<EM>stdarg.h</EM>, empowering the compiler to check the types of a function
call's actual parameters against the formal ones declared in its
prototype.
No conforming implementations of X/Open Curses require an
application to include <EM>stdarg.h</EM> before <EM>curses.h</EM> because they either
have allowed for a special type, or, like <EM>ncurses</EM>, they include
<EM>stdarg.h</EM> themselves to provide a portable interface.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></H2><PRE>
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Based on <EM>pcurses</EM>
by Pavel Curtis.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>
ncurses 6.5 2025-04-05 <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Application-Structure">Application Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Naming-Conventions">Naming Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Wide-and-Non-wide-Character-Configurations">Wide and Non-wide Character Configurations</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Function-Name-Index">Function Name Index</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-BAUDRATE">BAUDRATE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-CC-_command-character_">CC (command character)</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-COLUMNS">COLUMNS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-ESCDELAY">ESCDELAY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-HOME">HOME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-LINES">LINES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-MOUSE_BUTTONS_123">MOUSE_BUTTONS_123</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS">NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2">NCURSES_CONSOLE2</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_GPM_TERMS">NCURSES_GPM_TERMS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS">NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE">NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_PADDING">NCURSES_NO_PADDING</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF">NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS">NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-NCURSES_TRACE">NCURSES_TRACE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERM">TERM</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMCAP">TERMCAP</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMINFO">TERMINFO</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMINFO_DIRS">TERMINFO_DIRS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TERMPATH">TERMPATH</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-ALTERNATE-CONFIGURATIONS">ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Error-Checking">Error Checking</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Padding-Differences">Padding Differences</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Header-Files">Header Files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
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