Fix memory leak of transcoding when fallback raises

When the fallback function in transcode_loop raises, it will leak the memory
in rb_econv_t. The following script reproduces the leak:

    10.times do
      100_000.times do
        "\ufffd".encode(Encoding::US_ASCII, fallback: proc { raise })
      rescue
      end

      puts `ps -o rss= -p #{$$}`
    end

Before:

    451196
    889980
    1328508
    1767676
    2206460
    2645372
    3083900
    3522428
    3960956
    4399484

After:

    12508
    12636
    12892
    12892
    13148
    13404
    13532
    13788
    13916
    13916

test/ruby/test_string.rb

@@ -3747,6 +3747,34 @@ CODE
     Warning[:deprecated] = deprecated
   end
 
+  def test_encode_fallback_raise_memory_leak
+    {
+      "hash" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Hash.new { raise }
+      RUBY
+      "proc" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = proc { raise }
+      RUBY
+      "method" => <<~RUBY,
+        def my_method = raise
+        fallback = method(:my_method)
+      RUBY
+      "aref" => <<~RUBY,
+        fallback = Object.new
+        def fallback.[] = raise
+      RUBY
+    }.each do |type, code|
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], '', <<~RUBY, "fallback type is #{type}", rss: true)
+        #{code}
+
+        100_000.times do |i|
+          "\\ufffd".encode(Encoding::US_ASCII, fallback:)
+        rescue
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
   private
 
   def assert_bytesplice_result(expected, s, *args)

transcode.c

@@ -2349,6 +2349,20 @@ aref_fallback(VALUE fallback, VALUE c)
     return rb_funcallv_public(fallback, idAREF, 1, &c);
 }
 
+struct transcode_loop_fallback_args {
+    VALUE (*fallback_func)(VALUE, VALUE);
+    VALUE fallback;
+    VALUE rep;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+transcode_loop_fallback_try(VALUE a)
+{
+    struct transcode_loop_fallback_args *args = (struct transcode_loop_fallback_args *)a;
+
+    return args->fallback_func(args->fallback, args->rep);
+}
+
 static void
 transcode_loop(const unsigned char **in_pos, unsigned char **out_pos,
                const unsigned char *in_stop, unsigned char *out_stop,
@@ -2398,7 +2412,21 @@ transcode_loop(const unsigned char **in_pos, unsigned char **out_pos,
                 (const char *)ec->last_error.error_bytes_start,
                 ec->last_error.error_bytes_len,
                 rb_enc_find(ec->last_error.source_encoding));
-        rep = (*fallback_func)(fallback, rep);
+
+
+        struct transcode_loop_fallback_args args = {
+            .fallback_func = fallback_func,
+            .fallback = fallback,
+            .rep = rep,
+        };
+
+        int state;
+        rep = rb_protect(transcode_loop_fallback_try, (VALUE)&args, &state);
+        if (state) {
+            rb_econv_close(ec);
+            rb_jump_tag(state);
+        }
+
         if (!UNDEF_P(rep) && !NIL_P(rep)) {
             StringValue(rep);
             ret = rb_econv_insert_output(ec, (const unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(rep),